<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879</id><updated>2011-04-21T13:30:18.736-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Remembering Lebanon - Mémoire du Liban</title><subtitle type='html'>Let History judge - L'Histoire jugera</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>23</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-116089117007499284</id><published>2006-10-14T22:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-10-14T22:46:10.090-07:00</updated><title type='text'>13 octobre 1990 - La tristement célèbre bataille de Dahr el-Wahch, 16 ans après</title><content type='html'>13 octobre 1990 - La tristement célèbre bataille de Dahr el-Wahch, 16 ans après &lt;br /&gt;Un officier raconte le massacre par les Syriens en direct de 12 soldats libanais &lt;br /&gt;L'article de Anne-Marie EL-HAGE - L'Orient-Le Jour, 13/10/06&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La date anniversaire du 13 octobre 1990 le plonge dans une profonde tristesse. Plusieurs jours durant, il s'isole et se renferme dans un mutisme total. Il prie surtout, pour ses 32 compagnons, 30 soldats et 2 officiers, tombés au cours de la bataille de Dahr el-Wahch (caza de Aley), tués par l'armée syrienne qui avait investi, en ce funeste jour, les régions chrétiennes. Il se rend aussi chaque année sur les lieux où ses camarades ont été assassinés de sang-froid par les troupes de Hafez el-Assad, pour leur rendre hommage. Pour la première fois, un officier de l'armée libanaise qui a participé à la bataille de Dahr el-Wahch raconte. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;«Je veux dire la vérité par loyauté à l'égard de ceux qui sont morts. » La vérité non seulement sur la bataille elle-même. Mais surtout sur les crimes commis de sang-froid par l'armée syrienne envers les soldats libanais qui avaient décidé de se rendre. Et aussi le miracle qui a fait qu'il a eu la vie sauve. Mais il préfère garder l'anonymat. Car il sert toujours dans l'armée nationale et ne se sent pas à l'abri de vexations ou même de représailles. Aujourd'hui encore, il attend du général Michel Aoun des explications sur le déroulement de la bataille de Dahr el-Wahch du 13 octobre 1990, sur les renforts qui ne sont jamais venus, sur la panne totale qui a paralysé les lignes téléphoniques civiles et militaires et sur le départ prématuré du général vers l'ambassade de France, alors que les troupes combattaient âprement. Car cette bataille, lui et ses compagnons ne l'auraient jamais menée s'ils avaient su à temps que le général Aoun se trouvait déjà à l'ambassade de France et qu'il ne mènerait pas le combat. « Fallait-il que mes 32 compagnons trouvent la mort dans cette bataille inutile ? » se demande-t-il, évoquant ses compagnons froidement assassinés devant ses yeux, alors qu'ils avaient remis leurs armes aux soldats syriens. Sa voix s'étrangle alors. L'émotion l'envahit. Il arrive difficilement à retenir les sanglots qui le gagnent. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Des renforts jamais arrivés&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Retour donc au 12 octobre 1990 au soir, lorsque la troupe libanaise, postée à Dahr el-Wahch, se prépare à passer une nouvelle nuit de veille. Plusieurs officiers avaient dîné ensemble dans un restaurant de Kahalé. La nuit était silencieuse. « C'était inquiétant, se souvient-il. J'avais eu vent que les Syriens envisageaient sérieusement de passer à l'attaque cette nuit, avec l'aide de la deuxième brigade. Mais un haut gradé m'a rassuré, me disant qu'il avait obtenu des garanties françaises et américaines. Je restais toutefois persuadé que c'était l'armée libanaise (dirigée par le général Émile Lahoud) qui allait mener l'action et que les choses se passeraient pacifiquement, sans batailles, car nous n'envisagions en aucun cas de tirer sur l'armée libanaise. » &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L'officier n'a pas fermé l'œil de la nuit. Il était encore debout à 6h15 du matin, le 13 octobre 1990. Il s'est enfin décidé à s'étendre, tout habillé, pour un petit somme. C'est à 6h50 précises que le poste de commandement et le front de Dahr el-Wahch sont simultanément attaqués par l'aviation syrienne. Une vigie confirme à l'officier que les troupes postées sur le front face à eux sont syriennes. « Conformément à notre ordre de mission, nous avons ouvert le feu, même si les ordres ne sont pas venus directement, raconte-t-il. Mais progressivement, les forces syriennes se sont avancées en direction de l'église de Kahalé, par la vallée entre Bsous et Kahalé. La huitième brigade (relevant du général Aoun) qui devait nous prêter main-forte n'est jamais venue. Je ne comprends d'ailleurs toujours pas pourquoi. » &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les soldats syriens atteignent le poste de commandement vers 13h30. La décision était difficile à prendre : fallait-il combattre ou se rendre ? D'autant que la troupe vient d'apprendre que le général Michel Aoun se trouve à l'ambassade depuis 9h du matin. Et puis l'immeuble du poste de commandement abrite aussi quelques familles d'officiers, des civils dont il faut préserver la vie. Démoralisée, la troupe du poste de commandement décide de se rendre à l'armée syrienne, mais sur le front de Dahr el-Wahch, les combats font encore rage. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« Le chef de la compagnie syrienne nous demande alors de dépêcher un soldat au front pour faire cesser les combats. Mon chauffeur était la seule personne que nous pouvions envoyer. Il n'est jamais arrivé, raconte l'officier, la voix brouillée. Les soldats syriens l'ont assassiné. Ils lui ont planté une brochette en fer dans le ventre. Son agonie a été terrible. Ses cris ont retenti dans tout le village. » &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Humiliés puis froidement assassinés&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L'officier raconte aussi l'altercation avec un officier syrien pris de colère après avoir appris que 1 750 soldats syriens avaient perdu la vie dans l'attaque sur le front de Dahr el-Wahch, et que 22 chars syriens avaient été détruits. « Il a dirigé sa mitraillette en direction des 15 officiers libanais regroupés dans une pièce dans l'immeuble du poste de commandement, dit-il encore. Mais un officier libanais debout à ses côtés lui a détourné l'arme. Le coup est parti en l'air. » &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;À force de palabres, l'officier libanais a fini par convaincre le responsable syrien de l'emmener avec lui à Kahalé. Il espérait ainsi prendre des nouvelles des soldats qui se trouvaient sur le front. Mais c'est à l'horreur et à la barbarie qu'il a été confronté. « J'ai vu 12 des soldats de ma brigade qui avaient été faits prisonniers par l'armée syrienne. Ils étaient quasiment nus, ne portaient que leurs slips et étaient debout, les mains nouées derrière le dos, les "rangers" nouées autour du cou, humiliés. Ils étaient répartis par groupes de 4. Chaque groupe a été conduit dans une différente direction », poursuit l'officier. « On m'a emmené avec le premier groupe, à Araya. Devant mes yeux, ils ont été mis à genoux et froidement exécutés, l'un après l'autre », raconte-t-il d'une voix blanche. « On m'a aussitôt conduit devant un restaurant où a été emmené le second groupe. Le même scénario s'est reproduit devant mes yeux. On m'a finalement mené auprès du troisième groupe, que l'on a assassiné, toujours devant moi, sur le mur de la galerie Khairallah », lance-t-il avec peine. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le tour de l'officier libanais semblait venu. « Un soldat syrien, arme à la main, m'a ordonné de me placer face au mur, mais je tenais à le regarder dans les yeux. À trois reprises, il m'a tiré dessus, mais le coup n'est jamais parti. Il a finalement jeté son arme, en me disant : "Si Dieu ne veut pas te tuer, moi non plus je ne te tuerais pas". » &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« C'est alors qu'un haut gradé syrien intervient et m'emmène au ministère de la Défense où une personnalité qui m'a reconnu m'a sauvé la vie en me donnant des habits civils et en m'aidant à m'abriter », indique alors l'officier. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ce n'est que le lendemain qu'il connaîtra le sort réservé à ses autres compagnons tombés sur le front, dont 18 soldats et 2 officiers, lorsqu'il est retourné sur les lieux du crime pour ramasser les dépouilles mortelles des soldats assassinés devant ses yeux. « J'ai ramassé des cadavres aux veines des poignets sectionnées et aux yeux crevés. Je n'étais capable de reconnaître aucun des hommes de la troupe, alors que je les connaissais un à un depuis si longtemps. C'était l'horreur », dit-il, tout en retenant un sanglot. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trente soldats et deux officiers libanais ont péri ce jour-là à Dahr el-Wahch, sans compter les disparus dont les corps ont été jetés dans les tranchées avec ceux de soldats syriens ou ceux qui ont été faits prisonniers et croupissent peut-être encore dans les geôles syriennes. Quant au civils qui étaient logés dans l'immeuble du poste de commandement, dont la famille de l'officier, ils ont eu la vie sauve, après avoir été tenus en joue. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aujourd'hui, date anniversaire du 13 octobre 1990, l'officier ne cache pas les remords qui le rongent encore après la mort de ses 32 compagnons. Car son rêve d'un Liban libre, indépendant et souverain ne s'est toujours pas encore entièrement et irrémédiablement réalisé. « Mais nous sommes sur la bonne voie et je garde confiance, dit-il. Je voudrais tant croire que mes compagnons ne sont pas morts pour rien. »&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-116089117007499284?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/116089117007499284/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=116089117007499284&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/116089117007499284'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/116089117007499284'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2006/10/13-octobre-1990-la-tristement-clbre.html' title='13 octobre 1990 - La tristement célèbre bataille de Dahr el-Wahch, 16 ans après'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-114712376744698826</id><published>2006-05-08T14:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2006-05-08T14:29:27.476-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Part of me died when I saw this cruel killing</title><content type='html'>The Sunday Times   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Part of me died when I saw this cruel killing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;HALA JABER - May 07, 2006&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;EVEN by the stupefying standards of Iraq’s unspeakable violence, the murder of Atwar Bahjat, one of the country’s top television journalists, was an act of exceptional cruelty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nobody but her killers knew just how much she had suffered until a film showing her death on February 22 at the hands of two musclebound men in military uniforms emerged last week. Her family’s worst fears of what might have happened have been far exceeded by the reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bahjat was abducted after making three live broadcasts from the edge of her native city of Samarra on the day its golden-domed Shi’ite mosque was blown up, allegedly by Sunni terrorists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Roadblocks prevented her from entering the city and her anxiety was obvious to everyone who saw her final report. Night was falling and tensions were high.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two men drove up in a pick-up truck, asking for her. She appealed to a small crowd that had gathered around her crew but nobody was willing to help her. It was reported at the time that she had been shot dead with her cameraman and sound man.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We now know that it was not that swift for Bahjat. First she was stripped to the waist, a humiliation for any woman but particularly so for a pious Muslim who concealed her hair, arms and legs from men other than her father and brother.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then her arms were bound behind her back. A golden locket in the shape of Iraq that became her glittering trademark in front of the television cameras must have been removed at some point — it is nowhere to be seen in the grainy film, which was made by someone who pointed a mobile phone at her as she lay on a patch of earth in mortal terror.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By the time filming begins, the condemned woman has been blindfolded with a white bandage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is stained with blood that trickles from a wound on the left side of her head. She is moaning, although whether from the pain of what has already been done to her or from the fear of what is about to be inflicted is unclear.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Just as Bahjat bore witness to countless atrocities that she covered for her television station, Al-Arabiya, during Iraq’s descent into sectarian conflict, so the recording of her execution embodies the depths of the country’s depravity after three years of war.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A large man dressed in military fatigues, boots and cap approaches from behind and covers her mouth with his left hand. In his right hand, he clutches a large knife with a black handle and an 8in blade. He proceeds to cut her throat from the middle, slicing from side to side.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Her cries — “Ah, ah, ah” — can be heard above the “Allahu akbar” (God is greatest) intoned by the holder of the mobile phone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even then, there is no quick release for Bahjat. Her executioner suddenly stands up, his job only half done. A second man in a dark T-shirt and camouflage trousers places his right khaki boot on her abdomen and pushes down hard eight times, forcing a rush of blood from her wounds as she moves her head from right to left.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Only now does the executioner return to finish the task. He hacks off her head and drops it to the ground, then picks it up again and perches it on her bare chest so that it faces the film-maker in a grotesque parody of one of her pieces to camera.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The voice of one of the Arab world’s most highly regarded and outspoken journalists has been silenced. She was 30.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a friend of Bahjat who had worked with her on a variety of tough assignments, I found it hard enough to bear the news of her murder. When I saw it replayed, it was as if part of me had died with her. How much more gruelling it must have been for a close family friend who watched the film this weekend and cried when he heard her voice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The friend, who cannot be identified, knew nothing of her beheading but had been guarding other horrifying details of Bahjat’s ordeal. She had nine drill holes in her right arm and 10 in her left, he said. The drill had also been applied to her legs, her navel and her right eye. One can only hope that these mutilations were made after her death.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is a wider significance to the appalling footage and the accompanying details. The film appears to show for the first time an Iraqi death squad in action.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The death squads have proliferated in recent months, spreading terror on both sides of the sectarian divide. The clothes worn by Bahjat’s killers are bound to be scrutinised for clues to their identity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bahjat, with her professionalism and impartiality as a half-Shi’ite, half-Sunni, would have been the first to warn against any hasty conclusions, however. The uniforms seem to be those of the Iraqi National Guard but that does not mean she was murdered by guardsmen. The fatigues could have been stolen for disguise.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A source linked to the Sunni insurgency who supplied the film to The Sunday Times in London claimed it had come from a mobile phone found on the body of a Shi’ite Badr Brigade member killed during fighting in Baghdad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But there is no evidence the Iranian-backed Badr militia was responsible. Indeed, there are conflicting indications. The drill is said to be a popular tool of torture with the Badr Brigade. But beheading is a hallmark of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, led by the Sunni Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to a report that was circulating after Bahjat’s murder, she had enraged the Shi’ite militias during her coverage of the bombing of the Samarra shrine by filming the interior minister, Bayan Jabr, ordering police to release two Iranians they had arrested.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is no confirmation of this and the Badr Brigade, with which she maintained good relations, protected her family after her funeral came under attack in Baghdad from a bomber and then from a gunman. Three people died that day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bahjat’s reporting of terrorist attacks and denunciations of violence to a wide audience across the Middle East made her plenty of enemies among both Shi’ite and Sunni gunmen. Death threats from Sunnis drove her away to Qatar for a spell but she believed her place was in Iraq and she returned to frontline reporting despite the risks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We may never know who killed Bahjat or why. But the manner of her death testifies to the breakdown of law, order and justice that she so bravely highlighted and illustrates the importance of a cause she espoused with passion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bahjat advocated the unity of Iraq and saw her golden locket as a symbol of her belief. She put it with her customary on-air eloquence on the last day of her life: “Whether you are a Sunni, a Shi’ite or a Kurd, there is no difference between Iraqis united in fear for this nation.”&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-114712376744698826?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/114712376744698826/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=114712376744698826&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/114712376744698826'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/114712376744698826'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2006/05/part-of-me-died-when-i-saw-this-cruel.html' title='Part of me died when I saw this cruel killing'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-113928024299489547</id><published>2006-02-06T18:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2006-02-06T18:45:40.250-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Il faudra du temps pour effacer les traces de la destruction à Tabaris</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;Arrestation de plus de 300 personnes impliquées dans les émeutes&lt;br /&gt;Il faudra du temps pour effacer les traces de la destruction à Tabaris &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dès le matin hier, les habitants et les commerçants d’Achrafieh, dont voitures et entreprises ont été saccagées par les vandales dimanche, se sont mis à estomper, autant que faire se peut, les traces de la destruction, même si la restauration du centre Tabaris 812, qui constituait jusqu’à dimanche matin l’un des bâtiments élégants de la zone, prendra du temps. Calciné, il est semblable à une plaie béante, au cœur d’Achrafieh. Les émeutiers qui avaient pris d’assaut le secteur Tabaris avaient mis le feu au bâtiment après avoir volé et cassé le matériel des entreprises qu’il abrite. Selon une première estimation, la restauration du centre nécessite un minimum de dix millions de dollars. &lt;br /&gt;Concernant l’enquête, plus de 300 personnes ont été interpellées par l’armée et la police. Les perquisitions se poursuivent à la recherche d’autres personnes impliquées dans ces émeutes.&lt;br /&gt;Les FSI ont fait état de l’interpellation de 174 personnes, dont 76 Syriens, 35 Palestiniens et 25 bédouins apatrides. L’armée a pour sa part indiqué dans un communiqué avoir procédé à l’arrestation de 160 personnes.&lt;br /&gt;La Direction générale de l’armée a souligné dans un communiqué que « les recherches menées par la Sûreté de l’État ont permis de connaître les noms d’un grand nombre de personnes ayant pris part aux émeutes de dimanche. Les enquêteurs ont procédé hier à l’arrestation d’un Palestinien, de deux Syriens et de quatre Libanais ». Le texte souligne également que « l’armée continue son enquête en poursuivant des émeutiers et en perquisitionnant les locaux où ils se trouvent ». &lt;br /&gt;La Direction générale de l’armée a également appelé dans un communiqué les habitants et les commerçants d’Achrafieh touchés par les actes de vandalisme de se présenter auprès d’un comité chargé de l’évaluation des dégâts. Ce comité conjoint, constitué de représentants de l’armée et du haut comité de secours, recevra les dépositions à partir d’aujourd’hui mardi jusqu’au samedi 11 février, de 8 heures à 17 heures. Il a élu domicile au premier étage de l’immeuble Samaha en face du centre Sofil, avenue Fouad Chéhab. Le communiqué précise que la Direction générale de l’armée met à la disposition des citoyens touchés par les actes de vandalisme les numéros suivants : (01) 330681 et (03)517173. &lt;br /&gt;La Chambre de commerce de Beyrouth a pris aussi l’initiative de dédommager les propriétaires des voitures saccagées. Ces derniers peuvent déposer des plaintes auprès des moukhtars des secteurs touchés par les émeutes. &lt;br /&gt;De son côté, le Mouvement du futur a annoncé le lancement d’une campagne de solidarité avec les habitants d’Achrafieh. Elle servira à la collecte de fonds, notamment auprès de personnalités et d’organisations musulmanes, pour indemniser entreprises et personnes victimes des actes de vandalisme. Cette campagne, qui sera lancée jeudi à travers la Future et Radio-Orient à l’initiative du député Saad Hariri, a notamment pour but de démontrer que les Libanais de toutes les communautés sont solidaires et que Beyrouth est une ville indivisible, précise un communiqué du mouvement. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Une vingtaine d’entreprises détruites&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais hier dans les secteurs touchés par les émeutes, la plupart des habitants ainsi que des employés et des chefs d’entreprise lésés étaient loin de rendre hommage ou même de mentionner ces initiatives. C’est qu’ils ont passé leur journée à effectuer des réparations ou – notamment au centre Tabaris 812 – à évaluer les dégâts.&lt;br /&gt;Tout au long de la matinée, les automobilistes ralentissaient en empruntant l’avenue Charles Malek, au niveau du bâtiment qui abritait le bureau de représentation de l’ambassade du Danemark.&lt;br /&gt;L’intérieur du centre Tabaris 812 offre une scène encore plus désolante que celle de la façade calcinée : le feu a dévoré 5 étages du bloc A, 4 étages du bloc B et tout le bloc C. Une vingtaine d’entreprises, notamment la Banque Lati, Booz Allen Hamilton, Intermarkets, Team Y&amp;R, Asdaa, Media Edge, ont été complètement détruites. &lt;br /&gt;On ne voit que des murs noirs, des carasses d’escaliers roulants et de cadres de portes en fer. La chaleur des flammes a décollé les blocs de granite qui servaient au revêtement du sol. &lt;br /&gt;Selon les propriétaires et les employés des entreprises, les émeutiers sont arrivés avec des chalumeaux, servant à découper le fer, et des bonbonnes d’oxygène. Ils ont volé le matériel des compagnies. Et ils ont saccagé ce qu’ils n’ont pas pu emporter. D’ailleurs, chaque porte d’ascenseur au centre Tabaris 812 porte la trace de matraques. Les émeutiers ont versé plusieurs bidons d’essence dans divers endroits du bâtiment pour qu’il prenne rapidement feu. &lt;br /&gt;Rainier Jreissati, copropriétaire de l’immeuble et patron d’entreprises situées au centre Tabaris 812, précise que les assurances ne couvrent pas les émeutes et la guerre. Il se dit « très surpris de ne pas voir des personnalités venir inspecter les dégâts et nous soutenir ». « J’aurais aimé que le Premier ministre vienne chez nous. Il s’est bien rendu auprès des responsables religieux d’Achrafieh», indique-t-il. Malgré les lourds dégâts, Jreissati tient à reconstruire le centre. « Si nous commençons demain, il nous faudra un minimum de six mois », dit-il. &lt;br /&gt;Debout devant ce qui faisait l’entrée d’Intermarkets, Talal Makdessy, PDG, précise qu’il employait 96 personnes. Lui aussi tient à reprendre le travail au plus vite. &lt;br /&gt;De son côté, Joseph Lati, PDG de la Banque Lati, dont le siège se trouvait au centre Tabaris 812, a précisé dans un communiqué que malgré les événements de dimanche, la volonté de reconstruction des Libanais reste plus grande que tout.&lt;br /&gt;Hier, devant le centre, beaucoup d’employés des entreprises qui n’ont pas été complètement détruites par les flammes s’affairaient à transporter ce qui a été épargné par les coups de matraques, notamment des claviers, des écrans et des documents. &lt;br /&gt;Certains d’entre eux lançaient qu’il « ne faut pas annoncer que le bureau de représentation du consulat du Danemark a été épargné, de peur que les émeutiers reviennent ». D’autres se demandaient « pourquoi la police, qui était au courant de la manifestation, n’a pas pris les mesures nécessaires pour protéger le bâtiment ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Montrer son extrait d’état civil&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un peu plus loin, au secteur Saint-Nicolas, la devanture d’un nouveau restaurant a été saccagée. Eddy, un employé, précise : « Les émeutiers ont été excités à la vue de bouteilles d’alcool au bar. Ils se sont acharnés contre la vitrine, la lapidant. Si Samer n’était pas intervenu, ils auraient brûlé le restaurant. » &lt;br /&gt;Samer est le chef cuisinier. D’emblée il donne son nom et son village d’origine. Et à ceux qui ne comprennent pas, il précise : « Je suis musulman, et dimanche, je suis sorti avec mon extrait d’état civil (où l’on précise la communauté religieuse) pour le montrer aux émeutiers, leur prouver que je suis sunnite afin qu’ils épargnent le restaurant. » &lt;br /&gt;Dans le même quartier, Georges, qui arbore une longue barbe, indique : « Si dimanche nous n’avons pas riposté, cela ne veut pas dire qu’à la prochaine provocation nous resterons les bras croisés. » « J’ai entendu les émeutiers insulter les femmes sorties aux balcons. Ils blasphémaient. Ils sont venus avec un stock de battes, de pierres, de bouteilles vides et de cocktails Molotov. C’est sous mes yeux qu’ils ont brûlé une jeep de l’armée, raconte-t-il. Ils ont tabassé mon ami Serge, le traitant, je ne sais pas pour quelles raisons, de sale juif. J’ai tenté de le protéger en prétendant que je faisais partie d’eux, grâce à ma barbe. S’ils avaient vu la croix que j’ai sous mon pull, j’aurais été passé à tabac moi aussi. » Georges joint le geste à la parole en montrant un chapelet en bois qu’il porte autour du cou.&lt;br /&gt;Avec son ami Jade, ils parlent d’autosécurité et estiment qu’il faut peut-être porter des armes pour se protéger. &lt;br /&gt;Élie est coiffeur. Il indique qu’il aurait « aimé marcher avec les musulmans pour protester contre les caricatures danoises ». Il en veut surtout aux FSI et à l’armée. Il raconte : « Dimanche vers 9 heures 30, j’ai vu un manifestant provoquer un soldat en le bousculant et en lui disant : “Tire-moi dessus”. Le soldat lui a répondu : “Ils ne nous ont pas donné l’ordre de tirer”. » Élie fait le décompte des jeeps militaires incendiées et évoque les soldats et les policiers qui ont trouvé refuge dans les entrées des immeubles et des parkings. « Ils sont incapables de nous protéger. Il faut que nous trouvions d’autres solutions », dit-il. &lt;br /&gt;Un homme présent au salon de coiffure et habitant le quartier rend hommage aux cheikhs musulmans. « Quand ils ont compris qu’ils ne pouvaient plus contenir les manifestants, beaucoup d’entre eux se sont mis devant les entrées des immeubles pour empêcher les émeutiers d’y pénétrer. Ils ont même lancé des appels à la prière, vers midi, pour amener la foule vers la mosquée Mohammad el-Amine au centre-ville, l’éloignant ainsi de Tabaris. En vain. » Il estime aussi que « si un chrétien avait décidé de riposter en tirant sur les émeutiers, le pays aurait été entraîné probablement dans la guerre ». Il n’est pas le seul à être de cet avis.&lt;br /&gt;Même si un bon nombre d’entre eux tiennent un discours modéré, les habitants d’Achrafieh sont toujours sous le choc des émeutes de dimanche. Ils se disent « agressés et violés ». Il faut certes plus que de bonnes initiatives relatives au dédommagement pour que les habitants d’Achrafieh parviennent à se sentir à nouveau en sécurité. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Patricia KHODER, L'orient-Le Jour, 7/2/06&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-113928024299489547?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/113928024299489547/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=113928024299489547&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113928024299489547'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113928024299489547'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2006/02/il-faudra-du-temps-pour-effacer-les.html' title='Il faudra du temps pour effacer les traces de la destruction à Tabaris'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-113927506013493940</id><published>2006-02-06T17:16:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2006-02-06T17:17:40.156-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Des centaines d’émeutiers sèment la destruction à Achrafieh et s’attaquent aux lieux de culte</title><content type='html'>&lt;em&gt;L’enceinte de Saint-Maron et de l’archevêché grec-orthodoxe saccagés, des dizaines de voitures cassées, l’immeuble abritant le consulat danois incendié&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Une manifestation conduite par des organisations musulmanes pour protester contre les caricatures du prophète Mohammad a tourné à l’émeute hier à Achrafieh. Les affrontements entre émeutiers et forces de l’ordre ont duré environ trois heures ; les bombes lacrymogènes et les coups de feu tirés en l’air par les FSI et les émeutiers n’ont pas réussi à disperser la foule, qui a incendié le centre Tabaris 812, abritant un bureau du consulat de Danemark. La représentation diplomatique cependant a été épargnée par le feu, mais quatre étages du bâtiment abritant une banque et des entreprises ont été détruits.&lt;br /&gt;Les émeutiers ont également saccagé la croix située à l’entrée de l’archevêché grec-orthodoxe de Beyrouth, ils ont aussi brisé les vitraux de la sacristie de l’église Saint-Maron, tentant en vain d’y mettre le feu. Ils ont cassé plusieurs niches religieuses construites aux bords des rues d’Achrafieh. Les affrontements entre la police et les manifestants ont fait un mort parmi les émeutiers et une cinquantaine de blessés. Vingt-trois d’entre eux font partie des FSI, dont un officier, et deux de l’armée.&lt;br /&gt;Plusieurs milliers de manifestants, venus en bus et en voitures de diverses régions du Liban, ont convergé hier matin vers Tabaris où se trouve la représentation de l’ambassade du Danemark, répondant ainsi à l’appel d’un groupe baptisé « Mouvement national pour la défense du prophète Mohammad ».&lt;br /&gt;Les émeutiers ont été d’abord stoppés à 200 mètres de la chancellerie par les forces de l’ordre qui quadrillaient le secteur et qui avaient chargé la foule à coups de matraque et de gaz lacrymogène. En vain. Armés de battes en fer et en bois, de gourdins, de cailloux et de parpaings, les émeutiers s’en sont pris à la police, et des centaines d’entre eux ont réussi à forcer le cordon dressé par les FSI.&lt;br /&gt;Une partie de la foule a marché ensuite vers l’ambassade en empruntant les rues adjacentes à l’avenue Charles Malek, lapidant et saccageant les devantures de magasins et des centaines de voitures stationnées. Ils ont mis le feu à plusieurs véhicules de la police. Ils ont détruit les véhicules des FSI et de la Défense civile, s’emparant des échelles des pompiers, les utilisant notamment pour la casse.&lt;br /&gt;Arrivés devant le centre Tabaris 812, un groupe d’émeutiers munis d’un bidon d’essence ont brisé la porte d’entrée du bâtiment et ont mis le feu à la cage d’escalier, alors que la foule applaudissait et scandait « Allah akbar » en agitant une multitude de drapeaux verts, couleur de l’islam.&lt;br /&gt;« Tel est le sort de tous ceux qui s’en prennent à l’islam et à notre Prophète. Ils seront brûlés par le feu de l’enfer », a affirmé un jeune manifestant, la tête ceinte d’un bandeau vert, à Rita Daou de l’AFP.&lt;br /&gt;Les pompiers ont dû attendre que la foule se disperse pour pouvoir approcher du bâtiment en flammes et éteindre le feu qui a notamment dévoré les locaux de la Banque Lati, Intermarkets et Booz Allen Hamilton.&lt;br /&gt;Situé au huitième étage du même bâtiment, le consulat de l’ambassade d’Autriche a été épargné. « Nous étions inquiets, mais notre bureau est intact », a indiqué à L’Orient-Le Jour le consul autrichien, Manfred Moritsch, venu sur place en fin d’après-midi.&lt;br /&gt;Les émeutiers ont également saccagé l’entrée de l’immeuble de la résidence du consul honoraire de Slovaquie située à la rue Sursock ainsi que l’entrée du bâtiment abritant l’ambassade des Pays-Bas. Ils ont aussi incendié un véhicule devant le palais Bustros.&lt;br /&gt;Quatre ambulances de la Croix-Rouge de Tabaris ont été cassées, ainsi que la façade du bâtiment abritant l’organisation humanitaire. Les pare-brise de voitures stationnées au parking du centre Sofil ont volé en éclats.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Scènes de guerre&lt;br /&gt;Achrafieh, hier, peu après 16 heures, dans les secteurs de la rue Sursock et de Tabaris, de l’avenue Charles Malek et de la rue Chéhadé, le même spectacle de désolation : des bris de verre sur la chaussée, des voitures saccagées et des vitrines de magasins brisées. On distingue aussi sur l’asphalte des barres de fer et des restes de parpaings brandis par les émeutiers quelques heures plus tôt.&lt;br /&gt;Les détonations, les cris et les éclats de la matinée ont donné place au silence lourd entrecoupé par le crissement des éclats de verre qu’on piétine.&lt;br /&gt;Les habitants d’Achrafieh, terrés durant plus de trois heures dans leurs appartements, sont sortis de chez eux pour estimer les dégâts. Les visages sont livides et les mines défaites. Plus d’un raconte qu’il « vient de vivre une journée de guerre, 16 ans après la fin des événements du Liban ».&lt;br /&gt;« La dernière fois que je me suis réfugiée dans mon corridor, c’était le 13 octobre 1990 », raconte Hélène la rage au cœur. Elle en veut au ministre de l’Intérieur « qui était au courant de la manifestation, à l’armée et aux FSI incapables de nous protéger ». « Si un illuminé chrétien avait décidé de prendre des armes et de tirer sur les émeutiers, la guerre aurait éclaté à nouveau », s’insurge-t-elle. Elle raconte aussi que « la veille, mon propre gendre avait vu des hommes à moto arborant les bandeaux et les drapeaux verts de l’islam. Ils lui avaient demandé l’adresse du consulat du Danemark. Il leur a indiqué le chemin sans se douter de rien. »&lt;br /&gt;Georges habite la rue Sursock ; il indique : « Ils voulaient saccager l’ambassade d’Argentine. J’étais là sur la chaussée. Nous leur avons dit qu’ils se trompent d’adresse, qu’il y a des musulmans en Argentine. Ils sont donc partis ailleurs. » « Je fais partie de la génération de la guerre. Nous avons donné des martyrs. Et jusqu’à présent, notre sang est versé pour l’indépendance du Liban, mais ces gens-là ont déchiré un grand portrait de Gebran Tuéni, dernier martyr en date pour la souveraineté du Liban. Je veux simplement savoir pourquoi y a-t-il tant de haine envers les chrétiens et qui va les protéger à l’avenir », dit Georges.&lt;br /&gt;La résidence du consul honoraire de Slovaquie, Roy Samaha, se trouve dans le même quartier. Les émeutiers ont confondu l’appartement avec le bureau du consulat danois. La gardienne de l’immeuble, qui ne veut pas dire son prénom de peur que « les vandales reviennent pour se venger » raconte : « Ils ont forcé l’entrée avec des battes en fer. Cinq d’entre eux ont fait irruption chez moi, l’un portait une cagoule. Ils avaient trois bonbonnes à oxygène et des câbles électriques. Ils voulaient mettre le feu à l’immeuble. Je leur ai dit qu’ils se trompaient, que le bâtiment était résidentiel et que nous défendions les mêmes causes. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les croix cassées&lt;br /&gt;Les émeutiers n’ont pas mis le feu au bâtiment, mais ils ont cassé les portes des ascenseurs au rez-de-chaussée et au premier étage. Ils ont aussi jeté des gourdins, des parpaings et des battes en fer en direction de la résidence du consul honoraire située au premier étage, saccageant le balcon de l’appartement.&lt;br /&gt;M. Samaha était présent avec sa famille à la maison. Il indique : « J’ai quitté mon appartement avec mon père, âgé de 85 ans, et ma mère. Nous avons couru dans les escaliers, arrivant au neuvième étage. »&lt;br /&gt;À l’archevêché grec-orthodoxe de Beyrouth, la chambre du gardien a été détruite et la grande croix, pesant une dizaine de kilos, qui se dressait à l’entrée du bâtiment a été cassée.&lt;br /&gt;À la cathédrale Saint-Maron, un homme raconte : « Le prêtre s’apprêtait à célébrer la messe de onze heures. Quand il a vu les émeutiers, il a fermé les portes de l’église. Les vandales ont réussi à briser les vitres de la sacristie, jetant de l’essence à proximité de l’une des fenêtres. C’est une voiture stationnée dans le parking qui a pris feu. »&lt;br /&gt;Massoud Achkar, ancien candidat aux législatives de Beyrouth, s’insurge contre cette tentative d’incendier la cathédrale et les émeutes à Tabaris : « Nous avons défendu Achrafieh depuis 1976. Nous venons d’assister à une invasion. »&lt;br /&gt;Le centre Tabaris 812 : des drapeaux verts ont été plantés devant le bâtiment. Sur l’un des murs du rez-de-chaussée, l’on pouvait lire, après l’incendie : « Au nom de Mohammad, Allah akbar. »&lt;br /&gt;Selon des témoins oculaires, les émeutiers ont forcé les portes des entreprises, volant et saccageant du matériel avant de mettre le feu. « Ils sont venus avec tous les outils imaginables servant à ce genre d’effractions. Ils ont confisqué les échelles des pompiers pour grimper jusqu’au deuxième et troisième étage du bâtiment dans le but de voler », indique un homme qui était présent sur place.&lt;br /&gt;Devant la façade calcinée de l’immeuble, employés, directeurs et propriétaires des entreprises incendiées réalisent l’ampleur des pertes. « Des dizaines de familles se retrouveront dans le besoin », indique l’un d’eux.&lt;br /&gt;« Nous sommes venus aider, mais il ne reste pas grand-chose à sauver », note un employé d’une entreprise.&lt;br /&gt;Richard Jreissati, copropriétaire de Tabaris 812, a vu l’immeuble prendre feu sans broncher. « Je suis un homme croyant et je me dis que tout va bien tant les vies sont épargnées », dit-il.&lt;br /&gt;D’autres préfèrent adopter une attitude cynique, se demandant « si les abribus, les réverbères, les distributeurs automatiques sont danois, norvégiens ou tout simplement chrétiens ».&lt;br /&gt;L’immeuble Siriani, qui jouxte le centre Tabaris 812, abrite des appartements. Son entrée a été forcée, la chambre du concierge complètement saccagée.&lt;br /&gt;Kamlé occupe seul le premier étage. Elle a 77 ans et ses enfants sont à l’étranger. Des parpaings et des cailloux ont transpercé des fenêtres de son appartement et ont atterri dans l’une de ses pièces. Des balles ont atteint la salle de séjour. « J’ai trouvé refuge à la cuisine jusqu’à la fin des émeutes. J’ai eu peur des flammes qui dévoraient le bâtiment et des émeutiers que j’entendais. J’ai subi deux opérations à cœur ouvert, j’ai vécu la guerre, mais je n’ai jamais eu aussi peur de mourir », dit-elle en séchant ses larmes.&lt;br /&gt;Une autre habitante s’insurge : « C’est une honte. Nous n’avons pas vu ça durant toute la guerre, même pas durant les événements de 1978. »&lt;br /&gt;Michel, qui occupe un appartement du bâtiment et qui a deux enfants en bas âge, raconte que les habitants de l’immeuble ont été épargnés grâce à un cheikh. « Il a empêché les manifestants d’entrer chez nous en les appelant au calme et en récitant des versets coraniques sur la tolérance, souligne-t-il. Pour que nous puissions quitter l’immeuble, il a couvert mes deux enfants avec le drapeau vert de l’islam. »&lt;br /&gt;Mais il tente de se rassurer : « Ceux qui ont fait ça ne sont pas Libanais. Ce sont des Palestiniens. »&lt;br /&gt;18 heures. La nuit tombe sur Achrafieh quadrillée par l’armée et les forces de l’ordre. Des jeunes se promènent avec divers drapeaux et des véhicules diffusent des chants partisans. Certains habitants des secteurs visés par les émeutiers ont toujours le visage pâle et la mine défaite. Ils se promènent dans leur quartier, évaluant les dégâts, comme s’ils voulaient se prouver que la journée qu’ils ont vécue fait bel et bien partie du présent et non d’un passé qu’ils estimaient révolu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Patricia KHODER, L'orient-le Jour 6/2/2006&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-113927506013493940?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/113927506013493940/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=113927506013493940&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113927506013493940'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113927506013493940'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2006/02/des-centaines-dmeutiers-sment-la.html' title='Des centaines d’émeutiers sèment la destruction à Achrafieh et s’attaquent aux lieux de culte'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-113713577761835732</id><published>2006-01-12T23:00:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2006-01-12T23:07:02.136-08:00</updated><title type='text'>«Ça sentait la chair brûlée, le barbecue»</title><content type='html'>&lt;em&gt;Charles Farhat, franco-libanais, a passé onze jours dans une prison syrienne, pris pour un autre :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;«Ça sentait la chair brûlée, le barbecue»&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Charles Farhat se souviendra longtemps de son premier voyage en Syrie. En vacances au Liban où il a de la famille, ce commerçant de Gennevilliers avait décidé de faire un aller-retour d'une journée à Damas, le 5 septembre. Il y a passé onze jours en prison.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Détenteur de la double nationalité française et libanaise, Charles Farhat préfère ce jour-là passer la frontière libano-syrienne avec son passeport français. Tout se gâte lorsque le douanier tape son nom sur l'ordinateur. «Quelque chose a clignoté. Il est parti dans un bureau au fond et a ramené une fiche cartonnée rouge. Puis un général m'a demandé de le suivre. A peine avais-je franchi la porte qu'il m'a posé la main sur l'épaule : "Vous êtes en état d'arrestation." Il m'a expliqué que je portais le nom de quelqu'un recherché en Syrie. On s'est vite rendu compte que la date et le lieu de naissance ne correspondaient pas du tout.» Charles Farhat est né à Jarjouh en 1963, l'homme recherché, en 1949 à Nabatieh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SMS.&lt;/strong&gt; Enfermé seul dans une pièce, Charles Farhat envoie des SMS à sa femme en France, à son frère au Liban et à une amie française au Liban qui prévient aussitôt l'ambassade de France à Beyrouth. Sa belle-soeur l'appelle : alerté, un policier entre, le gifle et lui confisque la puce du téléphone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A 18 heures, il est transféré à Damas en fourgon cellulaire. En chemin, le véhicule ne cesse de s'arrêter pour permettre aux quatre policiers qui l'escortent de revendre des cigarettes de contrebande. Une heure plus tard, il entre dans un grand complexe administratif, situé dans la banlieue de Damas &amp;shy; quartier de Malkiya, à Mazza &amp;shy; et dont il apprend plus tard qu'il s'agit d'un des sièges des renseignements militaires (la section «Palestine» en l'occurrence), dirigés par Assef Chawkat, beau-frère du président el-Assad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;«Cris d'enfants».&lt;/strong&gt; Conduit dans le bureau du directeur, Charles Farhat est confié à un gardien barbu et en short qui l'emmène dans une cellule. «Il a ouvert toutes les portes du couloir une à une. C'était horrible, je me croyais dans un cauchemar. Les prisonniers avaient les yeux bandés. J'ai vu un homme pendu par les pieds, un autre entravé dans un pneu, la tête repliée sur les jambes, un troisième attaché à une chaise. Il y avait des flaques de sang par terre, ça sentait la chair brûlée, comme le barbecue. Les corps à demi nus n'étaient pas blancs mais bleus. On entendait des cris d'enfants. Ils torturaient les pères sous les yeux de leurs gosses.»&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ainsi «préparé», Charles Farhat subit un long interrogatoire : quand et comment a-t-il obtenu la nationalité française ? Qui connaît-il en Syrie ? Combien de fois y est-il déjà venu ? Fait-il de la politique ? Etc. Régulièrement, son interrogateur, très courtois, quitte la pièce et cède la place à un garde surnommé Aref, qui l'insulte et le frappe. A la fin, Farhat conclut : «Vous n'avez rien contre moi ? Je peux partir alors ou au moins téléphoner à un avocat.» L'officier rigole : «Tu te crois en France ou quoi. Ici, tu es un Libanais, c'est tout.» Aref l'emmène à part, le déshabille, le frappe jusqu'à ce qu'il tombe dans les pommes. On le rhabille et on le conduit dans un sous-sol, avec interdiction de lever les yeux. Puis on le jette dans une cellule de 5 mètres sur 3 où se trouvent déjà quarante-trois autres prisonniers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;«On a été jusqu'à cinquante. Il fallait dormir à tour de rôle, tête-bêche, à même le sol.» La pièce n'a ni fenêtre, ni matelas, juste un coin WC et un robinet d'eau froide. «Parfois, le système d'aération s'arrêtait, on étouffait.» En dix jours, jamais Charles Farhat n'a été convoqué pour être interrogé. En revanche, certains passent régulièrement à la question : «Ils revenaient avec les parties génitales bleues et gonflées par les chocs électriques.» D'autres, des indics, sortent des interrogatoires sans une égratignure et avec des cigarettes. «Je ne parlais avec personne.» Sur la cinquantaine de prisonniers, il y a une moitié d'islamistes : «Certains étaient là depuis quatre ans, sans inculpation.» La cellule compte aussi un Algérien, un Jordanien, un Saoudien et cinq Irakiens. «Il y avait même un Palestinien avec son fils de 4 ans.» Dans la cellule d'à côté dormaient sa soeur et son bébé de 17 jours. Le 15 septembre, on vient chercher Charles Farhat. «Tu n'as rien vu, rien entendu de ce qui se passe ici.» En guise d'adieu, le directeur lui jette son passeport et son portefeuille dans lequel manquent 300 euros.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plainte.&lt;/strong&gt; Charles Farhat rentre au Liban en taxi collectif. A la frontière, il exhibe le laissez-passer que lui ont donné ses geôliers. Après avoir retrouvé sa famille, il se rend à l'ambassade de France à Beyrouth, où on lui répond : «Si c'est au sujet de Charles Farhat, ce n'est pas la peine : il est toujours détenu en Syrie...» Amer de ne pas avoir été traité par les autorités françaises comme «un citoyen à part entière», il a déposé plainte contre X pour «arrestation et détention arbitraires, tortures et mauvais traitements», le 13 décembre au tribunal de Nanterre. Il est soutenu dans sa démarche par la Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme et la Ligue française des droits de l'homme représentés par Mes Baudoin et Tubiana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Par Christophe AYAD, Libération : vendredi 13 janvier 2006&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-113713577761835732?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/113713577761835732/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=113713577761835732&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113713577761835732'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113713577761835732'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2006/01/sentait-la-chair-brle-le-barbecue.html' title='«Ça sentait la chair brûlée, le barbecue»'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-113589029219807734</id><published>2005-12-29T13:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2005-12-29T13:04:52.226-08:00</updated><title type='text'>JIHAD SLEIMAN'S DEPOSITION</title><content type='html'>JIHAD SLEIMAN'S DEPOSITION&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My name is Jihaad Sleimaan. I was in charge of the Security of Dr. Samir Geagea, the leader of the Lebanese Forces. I would like to speak about the conditions of my incarceration in the Ministry of Defense in Lebanon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the 28th of March 1994, we were besieged in Ghodras (the headquarters of the L.F.). Whilst I was leaving the area, I was arrested by the Lebanese Army. They gave my name on the wireless then a group arrived, took hold of me and covered my head with my jacket. I was thrown inside the Jeep and taken to the Ministry of Defense. There was no arrest warrant issued. On the way I was beaten up violently and my covered head was being kicked repeatedly by the soldiers. When we arrived to destination a soldier took hold of me whilst being blindfolded and ordered me to run rapidly with him whilst guiding me. I smashed head on onto a wall and collapsed onto the ground in the midst of laughter from soldiers who did not know my name. I was beaten with the base of rifles until blood came out of my hand. Four to five hours later and whilst I was standing blindfolded, I was summoned for interrogation. After I have been relieved from the blindfold I saw an officer who told me: " You're now in the Intelligence Section of the Ministry of Defense, we do not want anything from you but you need to answer every question we ask, It is the only way you will enter decent and respected and you'll walk out clean and whole. Do not give us any reason to show you the other alternative..."They called onto a jailer (and here I would like to mention, after 90 days experience, that every jailer was nick-named ATTIEH). They shouted " Attieh Blindfold him, take him to the bathroom, give him a pad of about one thousand paper and tell him what to do". The jailer took me and threw me onto the floor of a bathroom, he handed me the pad and told me:" You've got to fill up all these papers and you've got to tell us all the sh… you’ ve done, all the atrocities that you've perpetuated in your life, all those you've assassinated, all the drugs that you've taken, the thefts, the women you raped, everything that your master Samir Geagea delegated you to perform: the killings, the bombings, the assassinations, etc.. and if you do not write, poor thing, you'll never know what will happen to you " . I took the pad and started detailing the period of my life with the Lebanese Forces starting from 1980 until the present date .I filled about 20 pages and handed them to the interrogator. About One minute passed before he shouted at me " what is this? Are you laughing at us? Don't you know that we are aware of all this? We want the atrocities that you've perpetuated, we want everything that your master Samir Geagea ordered you to execute: the people that you killed; tell us how you bombed the church , how you killed president René Moawwad, Dany Chamoun, how you assassinated Rachid Karameh, you have to tell us all that in details , I am going to give you one more chance ; go and write again."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I took the pad again wondering what else to write especially when I was certain that we had absolutely nothing to do with all these crimes ...so I started thinking : I already told everything on the Lebanese Forces and on my role within it , about how the Lebanese Forces changed from a militia into an institution , about the rehabilitation programs , about the political school , about the military college and the graduation of Officers ,about the social and charitable programs like the public transport , the twinning program , the medical and educational subsidies , I even told them about our structure and the who is who in our hierarchy , I detailed my training , the battles I fought, the duties I assumed in the Military Police and all the details of the period in Ghodras , the Guards stations , the different offices , even the details of Dr. Geagea's home .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I felt I had nothing more to say ; I knew that the Lebanese Forces had nothing to do with all the killings, the bombings and the atrocities mentioned . I felt that a big scenario is being prepared and that they need to use me in order to arrest Dr. Geagea . I handed him the pad back . He said " Atieh , it seems that this animal is not understanding us . In any case he will be made to understand. Does he think himself more important than Fuad Malek ?" ; and here the long road of Calvary started .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Atieh took me and the torture began. I do not know where to start from ... The first thing I remember was being tied unto a chair with my feet caught between the seat and the back and being hit on the sole of my feet with an electric wire until my feet were bleeding profusely . He then untied me and threw me into a cell and told me " I am giving you 10 minutes , think hard and tell us what you've been asked to execute recently by Dr. Samir Geagea. If we do not get what we want after those 10 minutes, you'll experience something you don't like".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The 10 minutes passed and I gave the same answer as before :" I was not asked to execute any mission that involved any illegal attack on security or order." The jailer took me and hanged me on the Ballanco ( later in the conference our friend Fadi will explain to you the details of the Ballanco ). It is indeed the most difficult tool of torture that I suffered and I suppose this is true also for all my friends who were detained in the Ministry. The interrogator told me :" you will not come down of there until you start speaking ." Here I would like to stress that those interrogators arrest people and accuse them of all imaginable crimes ;Their end target was to formulate a scenario and extort all its predetermined elements through degrees of torture little by little until the victim learns the lesson and follows neatly their plan...They started increasing the dose of torture and used a variety of methods . More than once they told me : " Speak and have pity on yourself because you have one of two alternatives : either ending up in the Lunatic asylum like Georges Alam or becoming paralysed and your relatives will visit you in the disabled centre of Beit Chabab " .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I first thought that these threats were exaggerated but slowly the Calvary became more and more heavy . After the beatings I progressed unto the "Balanco" from there a new method called the " Magic Carpet " ( Fadi will tell you more about it ) was used at the end of which I was thrown into a cell with bilateral sprained and greatly swollen ankles . A person entered the cell and asked me if I was ill ." Do you need a doctor ? Do you lack anything ? " I answered "my legs are hurting " he asked me why ? , I did not dare and tell him that the reason was torture . I answered " because of a missed step " he replied " a missed step or the beatings on the soles?" I said " the torture Sir " he replied " it seems that you are not accustomed to tell the truth " he started shouting at me " if you do not tell them what they want , you are to suffer even more " he left and I knew that this was the Medical doctor ! . The interrogator returned and told me " I will try and speak to you once more . We possess reliable information that you and few others from Ghodras know in details everything about Dr. Geagea . You have to tell us everything ". I replied " I said everything I knew already " .He called unto Attieh and ordered him to do a good job . Attieh knows very well that in order to please his master he will induce the most suffering imaginable . He asks me to undress completely and wash and then orders me to bend forward in order to introduce a bottle in my back passage . I started begging him and implored him not to ; another one arrived and started whipping me ; a third one started punching me . They brought the bottle and put it underneath me and ordered me to sit on it . I started shouting ; here an interrogator came I begged him to give me time to speak . He took me and said " Son ,we do not want anything from you personally , you are very small fish . We want the head of your leader ;we want to crush him . Nobody is allowed to stand in our way . You will tell us how you bombed the Church " I answered " But Sir , I know absolutely nothing on the whole question of the Church . I never took part or Knew of anything that related to it or other illegal activities " He said " I am trying to help you . why suffer all this torture because they are determined and they know that you took part in the bombing . Tell us or else it will be very difficult on you " . I reiterated my innocence and the certainty that we had nothing to do with this . I detailed the meetings of Dr. Geagea in support of our innocence. He replied " In this case I wash my hands from you and let " the butcher " take over ".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The butcher is an interrogator . Others were nicknamed Hitler , Romel etc... The butcher ordered to hang me onto the "Ballanco" once more . The Calvary started again .He left me hanging for about half an hour during which I was crying and shouting in pain. He came back and said " You have bombed the church isn't it ?" I told him " As you wish Sir, anything you say Sir " . and thus in a moment of weakness and pain I crumbled and accepted to say what they want me to say in order to avoid any further suffering . I felt that whatever I am obliged to do now I would refute later on in Court . From there on I agreed to everything : that I killed president Moawwad,( they were insisting at first to accuse me and the Lebanese forces then they dropped this accusation ? ) ; that we killed Mr. Karami (the prime Minister) ;They tortured me very much to confess that I killed Monsignor Khoreish only to realise later after my release that I was in Germany at the time of the killing .They accused me of killing Mr. Dany Chamoun . During all this time I was hearing the same methods of interrogation and the same questions being asked to other friends of mine who were responding that they knew absolutely nothing about it .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Returning to the Church bombing , and after collapsing into submission he was asking me " you brought the time fuses didn't you ? " I answered " yes sir " He said " to whom did you give them " I answered " I brought the time fuses and gave them to Joseph Rizk " Here the interrogator was seemingly satisfied that I was beginning to understand them so they started to increase the level of torture and intimidation he said " Son this does not fit in well . It is not Joseph Rizk that took the time fuses it was Dr. Geagea wasn't it ? " I answered " Yes Samir Geagea Sir . I brought the time fuses and gave them to Samir Geagea ." He replied " Samir Geagea is not going to keep the time fuses in his office is he? he told you to give them to an engineering officer isn't it animal ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I felt that everything was being drawn according to a predetermined scenario at the end of which anybody will deduce that Dr. Geagea was behind the bombing of the Church. From there on I remember well that between each and every word I was being subjected to electrical shocks , I still carry on my body the evidence of all this.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was always hoping to renounce all these fabricated confessions in front of the Judge of Interrogation or the Court within a fair system of Justice. So when they were threatening me about referral to the Judge I hoped ,deep into my heart , to be able to escape from the hell I was living into and tell the whole truth . I was looking forward to be moved to a civil jail and then I will be able to consult with a lawyer . I should also stress that until this time I was prevented from receiving any visitor , family or lawyer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On one occasion I gathered all my strength again , and whilst praying I decided to fight back. I waited to be seen by the Judge again and told him "all my depositions were made under duress. If you want the truth I do not have anything to do with all these bombings , assassinations or anything else". After this they took me again through the road to Calvary with more and more sophisticated torture. During all the period from 28/03/94 till 16/04/1994 I was kept standing, deprived of food , water and sleep for a span of three to four days at a time. I was naked ,blindfolded, my hands were tied behind my back whilst I was facing the wall with my legs widely spread apart. They used to walk on my toes ,electrocute me at will and at times when I could take no more I used to collapse on the floor . I also experienced a weird feeling of detachment from my environment called in medical terms a Trance or Fugue. I imagined myself back in Ghodres assuming my usual responsibilities. They used here to hit me and kick me on the head .They used to come and wake me up with electric shocks. I know during one of those times I collapsed and was wounded on my head. It was a big ,deep wound ; they carried me , threw me back into my cell and left me to sleep for a long time. They woke me up and asked me to get dressed and try to make myself look smart. I thought my parents or somebody else was coming to see me at last. They took me to a room and removed my blindfold. I saw in front of me a man dressed in civil clothes. I knew him straight away he was the interrogation judge Joseph Freiha. I had seen him on TV, before my arrest, making declarations and accusing the Lebanese forces of the church bombing. He said to me: "Stand up and put your hands behind your back, son." I blessed myself and did as he asked. He looked at me and started shaking his head saying" If you see me in civil clothes , do not think you can take any advantage." "No Sir. , But this is a new and different environment . It is only for this reason that I blessed myself " I replied . Then he started the interrogation, I quickly realised that nothing had changed. From the room of Judge Freiha you could still hear the screaming and crying from the other rooms, as before, it was so loud on one occasion that the Judge had to ask the soldiers in the room to go and calm it down so that we could hear each other. Despite all this, I was still hoping the judge was going to move me into a civil jail and allow me to appoint a lawyer for myself or release me because I was innocent. I was grabbing at straws. All of a sudden, after a silence, the screaming recommenced from the next room. I recognised the voice of my friend Fawzi Al Rassi. I could hear Fawzi saying " I had nothing to do with the story of Dany Chamoun, I know nothing about it ". I heard another voice ordering: " Attieh, hang him on the Ballanco , I heard a noise which sounded like they were hanging someone on the Balanco. I could hear from the screams that they were electrocuting him ; I heard another one say " Get the acid, and dip his feet in little by little". I could hear Fawzi screaming in terror, "NO, NO," then suddenly his voice stopped . I heard lots of movements but I never heard his voice again. I didn't know then what happened but I found out after I have been released that he died on that day at their hands ... When the judge had finished with me, they took me to the corridor and made me stand facing the wall . Someone gave me a sandwich ; a man called "The big Master" the head of the Intelligence unit ,the officer Jamil Sayed passed and saw me eating. ( They used to call me Abou Hamam-The father of pigeons ). He said " who allowed him to eat or sleep before he tells the truth". I told him " Sir I just told the judge all what I know" he replied " What truth is that. The judge himself asked us to punish you. Now you will not sleep or eat...." One of the guards grabbed the sandwich from my hand and I know that for more than three days they kept me standing with my legs spread open without food or drink until I collapsed unconscious on the floor .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because of the lack of food and sleep and because of the torture they realised I was beginning to break down. They devised a new method of torture whereby they made me stand, arms and feet apart, and scream " The Pigeons are Flying " and lower my arms screaming " The Pigeons are landing" thus the naming of Abou Hamam . This was repeated endlessly for days and nights . I lost my sense of time . Because I was dehydrated, my mouth was so dry at times that I could not speak, they responded by giving me electric shocks or punching or lashing me with the whip. They used to gather , seven or eight of them , to watch the show. The name Abou Hamam was given to me for seventy days at least in the Ministry of Defense. They treated me like a clown. When they began to allow me to sleep, one of them used to wake me up and told me I had an interrogation. He would blindfold me, cuff me and say to me " Fly fly bird..." They used to make me sing. I used to hear the " big master" and all his subjects laughing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because I was an officer in the headquarters of the Lebanese Forces, I knew most of the people that were arrested in this section i.e. around 70/80. Every time there was a new prisoner they would make me go into a room with them and say whatever they told me. They would ask me questions and make me repeat pre-prepared answers to demoralize the new prisoners. They would make me say that their wives or mothers were having affairs with X,Y,Z. They would ask the new prisoner " Do you know Jihad Sleiman, he would reply " Yes he's an officer in Ghodras" ( Headquarters of the Lebanese Forces). They would say "look what has happened to him. If you don't tell us what we want ( meaning their prepared statement) the same thing will happen to you " . The interrogator would then scream " Bring Abou Hamam". When the boys saw me they were afraid and demoralised and would begin telling stories thinking it would save them from the same torture. They would call me three or four times a day to play this game . I know this is what happened to the prisoners: Rafiq Saade ,Kamil Karam , Girges El Khoury , Hanna Attiq and many others .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What I want to say now is very important . They were pushing me to admit my involvement in the bombing of the church and the assassination of Dany Chamoun and his family telling me I would be released if I said that. Because, according to them, I was very small fish and they didn't want me, they wanted (the head) my boss. I denied my involvement .one of the soldiers said " Sir , its ok ,The animal in the other room just admitted his involvement in Chamoun's case." The investigator would turn to me and say " Admit you've done the church and let's finish. Then you can go home. We know you're just a soldier following orders. We will bring your boss to the prison."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was one month before I was allowed to see a lawyer and instruct him to defend me. Even then they did not allow him to talk to me .They asked him to obtain a permission from the interrogation judge before he saw me again. After a few days my interrogator said to me " Abou Hamam, they are saying outside you are either dead or crazy and now they are sending one of your religious people in black, you call him what, a priest or a bishop?? to ask about you. Now you are going to meet him. You will tell him everything is OK. and there is no torture whatsoever . If you don't we will kill you when he has gone. You tell him you're here for questioning because the party you belong to is involved in serious allegations " . They took me up I saw the Bishop, Bechara Al-Rahi, sitting between the two judges, Freiha and Hounein, and a few other people. The judges were telling him " Don't worry Father we're the protectors of the Christians and the boys are OK in here. I had to tell the Bishop that everything was OK. The Bishop told me he was going to tell this to the press. When we had finished they sent for me. The interrogator said" Good you've done well. Not like this animal Hanna Atiq who said things he shouldn't have. It comes to my mind now that my old friend Hanna Attiq ended up a few days later in hospital in a coma for 10 days.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After that event they were easier with me, but I could always hear my friends screaming " I don't know", this is the truth" or " Mother Mary, Jesus please save us." I could hear the interrogator saying to them " Forget it, neither Jesus nor Mary are going to help you here. Screaming won't help. Here you have to say "Yes Sir", and tell us about the involvement of Samir Geagea ".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Every time I heard the screams I couldn't eat or sleep. I stayed there for 90 days hoping that they would move me to a civil prison. Every time I heard someone scream when he was on the Ballanco or being electrocuted or I heard the squeak of a door I would feel a terrible pain in my stomach, I would shiver. I felt at the edge of utter despair trying to shut out the sounds of the screams. Even so I could hear every one of them, every electric shock.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I will describe this prison for you. There is a long corridor with 16 rooms full of prisoners. In the corridor were 50 prisoners cuffed , blindfolded and lying on the floor. Everyone could hear all the interrogations, the torture, and the screams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finally it is really terrible that they are continuing with court cases built on statements signed by us under duress.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After torture we were forced to sign these statement, blindfolded, by a man called al Mukhtar (the mayor). The same man used to stand under the Ballanco with a piece of paper ; he would say " sign this paper and go home or stay on the Balenko " The same man used to hand those papers to the judge of interrogation . He belongs also to the Intelligence services .The interrogators were on very good terms with Judges and I know the judges were fully aware of the methods of interrogation used to obtain "depositions". At the end I saw the faces of my interrogators and I recognised them as the same men present in the office of Judge Freiha during my first appearance there .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I feel terribly bitter at being tortured for 90 days in the Ministry of Defense, accused of bombing a Church I had defended with everything I have for 15 years ,only to find that they wanted to put Dr. Geagea in Jail . I would like to challenge the Lebanese Government , through the Media present today , that with adequate guarantees I am prepared to face and challenge every person who was mentioned in this press conference with all the facts that were detailed and bear witness to the truth.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-113589029219807734?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/113589029219807734/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=113589029219807734&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113589029219807734'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113589029219807734'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/12/jihad-sleimans-deposition.html' title='JIHAD SLEIMAN&apos;S DEPOSITION'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-113589033878688110</id><published>2005-12-29T11:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2005-12-29T13:05:38.790-08:00</updated><title type='text'>FADI MOUHANNA'S DEPOSITION</title><content type='html'>FADI MOUHANNA'S DEPOSITION &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indeed I am not going to repeat what my colleague Jihad Sleiman has reported.  Allow me to reveal to you how we were detained with Dr. Samir Geagea and the ordeals we have encountered.  My name is Fadi Muhana, I am a Lebanese National born in Lebanon and I was appointed as the bodyguard of Dr. Geagea's wife Mrs. Sethrida for the period of three and a half years and my domain was only set on this protection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During 21st of April, a Colonel in the Lebanese Army called "Salloum" came to arrest Dr. Geagea and drove him to the Ministry of Defense. Colonel "Salloum" has given his word of honour to keep Mrs. Sethrida 's guards whom she already has for her protection, but he failed to keep his promise by appearing half an hour later and arresting everyone in "Ghadres" throwing them inside a military truck like animals regardless of any sense of humanity.  Elderly people, women and men were abducted and they stole everything that they could lay their hands upon.  All the arrests and thefts took place without any legal basis or any warrants of arrests. Despite all this the judges are reluctant to address this issue and have stated that all has been well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I want to stress that the Ministry of Defense is not a prison by anybody's standard.  It is more a torture centre falling directly under the control of the Intelligence Services.  In reality it is a butchery place.  This is the most suitable description:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1)"The Ballanco": On many occasions we have had our wrists cuffed behind our back and wrapped with pieces of clothes in order to avoid slipping.  The handcuffs are attached with a rope through a pulley on the ceiling and down unto the soldiers hands.  The rope is pulled and all our body weight is carried by our shoulder joints backwards.  The nerves crossing the shoulder are pulled and stretched causing serious damage and severe pain to the extent of collapse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2)"The flying Carpet": They would put us flat facing the ground, the chair is put on our backs in order to tighten our limbs forcefully against the legs and back of the chair and bend us the opposite way by pulling the rope rigidly between our legs and arms the opposite direction.  I do not need to mention the agony and endless torment we got exposed to.  The kicking on the head and the electric shocks whilst in this position resulted in serious damages to our back.  We are still suffering from back pain today. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3) "Al Falak": whipping the sole of the feet with electric wires or whips is a familiar means of torture in the Ministry of Defense. They would lay us flat on our backs, our legs raised high and tied onto the chairs with a rope and whipping our barefoot with electric wires until they bleed profusely.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4) "Electric Shocks": They utilise an electric rod which produces a very high voltage and use it on our eyes, arms, legs, groins and other parts of our bodies. They used to order one of the soldiers to take a photo of us after electrocution in order to show it to us "before we meet our maker".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5) "Air Injections": They would threaten us to inject our bodies with air before getting the coroner to make a report of   "heart attack".  They threatened to throw our bodies in Babda Hospital 's morgue (Government Hospital) and in three days our bodies will be picked up by our families who would not be able to prove anything.  This is precisely how the late Mr. Fawzi Al Rasi was killed.  The Government refused an independent autopsy to be performed and the coffin was not allowed to be opened .  The family was unable to see Mr. Al Rasi after his murder.  Moreover I would like to mention that all hospitals were threatened and strictly ordered not to give any medical reports on any sign of torture after we were released from the Ministry of Defense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6) "The stick stand": They would make us stand days, our chins leaning on a pointed, tall wooden stick, handcuffed backwards and absolutely motionless.   If any sudden movement occurs beatings, electric shocks and whippings would fall upon us.   They would even make a game of how long we can endure this suffering.   I distinctly remember how I stood in such a position from a Thursday evening until Sunday.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adding to our extremely painful physical torture, they utilised psychological torment by making up sexual stories about our families.  They wanted to break us psychologically.  They made us see Dr. Geagea blindfolded,  handcuffed and standing by the wall, legs apart and told us: "Go and tell others what you have witnessed, your cause is over, tell us everything you know, save yourself now that your leader is finished".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was detained, tortured and released without any reason nor any legal justification or formality.   Upon my release I was threatened not to be involved in politics, social activities, or even clubs nor to take part in any normal gathering where it involves friends or otherwise they would capture me again.   In addition, I had to be ready to be called in at any time they wish, even during midnight and the early hours of the morning and had to unwillingly be driven to the Ministry of Defense.   Therefore, it took me a great deal of thoughts and determination to come to the decision of leaving my beloved country denied of essential freedom and searching for Human Rights, security and peace.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-113589033878688110?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/113589033878688110/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=113589033878688110&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113589033878688110'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113589033878688110'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/12/fadi-mouhannas-deposition.html' title='FADI MOUHANNA&apos;S DEPOSITION'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-113384589801804953</id><published>2005-12-05T21:01:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2005-12-05T21:15:51.116-08:00</updated><title type='text'>D’autres charniers pourraient être découverts dans la Békaa et à Tripoli</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;D’autres charniers pourraient être découverts dans la Békaa et au Nord&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;À Majdel Anjar, on raconte la torture exercée par les bourreaux syriens&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L’exhumation des restes de squelettes retrouvés dans un charnier de Anjar, à proximité du sanctuaire d’al-Nabi Ouzeïr, s’est arrêtée hier. Mais les pelleteuses des FSI étaient toujours sur le site. Selon des sources concordantes, des fouilles seront prochainement entreprises dans d’autres endroits de Anjar, ville qui a abrité le quartier général des services de renseignements syriens pour tout le Liban pendant un peu moins de trente ans. Les fouilles seraient entreprises dans deux endroits de la localité : dans un terrain vague de la plaine et à proximité de ce qu’on appelle « l’usine d’oignons », où les bourreaux syriens interrogeaient et torturaient des Libanais capturés à travers tout le territoire du pays.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L’endroit en question constituait pour les prisonniers la dernière étape avant la libération, l’acheminement vers une geôle syrienne ou la mort. On ne saura probablement jamais le nombre de ces Libanais qui ont péri sous la torture à Anjar ou dans d’autres localités du pays ayant abrité des centres de services de renseignements syriens. « Des fouilles seront menées à proximité de tous ces centres », a indiqué l’agence al-Markaziya, précisant que « la troupe a déjà pris des mesures dans ce sens à Tripoli, notamment dans les secteurs de l’École américaine, de Mar Maroun et de Haykalié ». Al-Markaziya a également souligné que le dossier des charniers sera discuté lors de la prochaine réunion du Conseil des ministres.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pour en revenir aux ossements découverts en week-end, trois médecins légistes, Fouad Ayoub, Naji Seaïbi et Bilal Sablouh ont été chargés de l’affaire. Ils sont parvenus jusqu’à présent à rassembler onze squelettes. Des tests ADN devraient être effectués plus tard et pourraient aider à l’identification des victimes. Cette opération pourrait prendre plus d’un mois. Selon les experts, les ossements retrouvés datent de 5 à 20 ans. Deux petits crânes, ceux d’enfants, ont été retrouvés.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le moukhtar de Majdel Anjar, Chaabane Ajami, qui avait donné l’alerte en vain il y a cinq ans, a indiqué, hier, à L’Orient-Le Jour, qu’une « trentaine de crânes ont été retrouvés, certains d’entre eux avaient les yeux bandés ». Il a également souligné que « quand il avait découvert le charnier en 1999, des cadavres n’étaient pas encore entièrement décomposés. Ils étaient ensevelis à cinq centimètres du sol et attiraient beaucoup d’animaux, notamment des renards et des chiens errants ». Il a ajouté que « quand les autorités lui avaient conseillé de se taire, il a décidé de déverser plus de terre sur les corps et de ne plus en parler ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fragments d’os et cailloux confondus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M. Ajami a voulu ainsi respecter ces morts anonymes, préserver leurs corps des charognards. Hier, les travaux se sont arrêtés dans le charnier, mais le site n’a pas été protégé. Déjà les ossements avaient été exhumés à l’aide de pelleteuses et le sol n’a pas été passé au tamis. Plus d’un, parmi ceux qui se sont rendus sur place hier, ont marché par mégarde sur des débris humains, des fragments d’os que l’on peut très facilement confondre avec de simples cailloux...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« Ce sont les souvenirs laissés par Rustom et al-Nabi Youssef », lance un habitant de Majdel Anjar venu sur place. D’un signe de la main, il indique l’endroit où habitait le chef des services de renseignements syriens pour le Liban, le général Rustom Ghazalé. Il se retourne, pointe du doigt l’autoroute, plus exactement un hangar visible à partir du sanctuaire d’al-Nabi Ouzeïr : la caserne syrienne où des Libanais étaient emprisonnés, interrogés et torturés sous la supervision du général Youssef Abdé, alias al-Nabi Youssef.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D’ailleurs cet habitant, qui a requis l’anonymat, n’écarte pas la possibilité de l’existence d’un charnier non loin de la caserne en question, connue par les habitants sous l’appellation de « l’usine d’oignons ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il n’est pas le seul habitant de Majdel Anjar à être de cet avis. Comme tous les autres, il raconte que « les Syriens ont emporté avec eux, en quittant le Liban, quatre camions remplis de terre recueillie dans le périmètre de la caserne, où ils devaient jeter les corps de ceux qui mouraient sous la torture ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le moukhtar de Majdel Anjar confirme l’information. D’autres habitants vont plus loin, indiquant que « ces camions ont été vidés de leur contenu une fois la frontière libano-syrienne franchie, dans un terrain vague au niveau de Jdeidet Yabous (Syrie) ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La haine qu’un bon nombre d’habitants voue aux troupes syriennes est incommensurable à Majdel Anjar. Selon les témoignages, la moitié des hommes du village ont séjourné dans cette caserne tenue par « al-Nabi Youssef, un boucher ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Toujours selon les témoignages des habitants, al-Nabi Youssef est arrivé au début des années quatre-vingt à Anjar. Il était simple capitaine. C’est affublé du titre de général qu’il a quitté le Liban, au printemps dernier. Il était connu pour sa férocité. « Sous la torture, ses victimes ne connaissaient plus ni Dieu ni diable, il n’y avait plus que lui qui existait… d’où sous surnom d’al-Nabi (prophète) », indique une de ses anciennes victimes, qui a, entre autres, été battue à l’aide d’un fouet en cuivre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abbas, qui a été emprisonné durant six jours en 1995 dans la caserne en question, raconte : « Nous n’avions pas le droit de parler aux autres prisonniers. Je savais qu’ils venaient de plusieurs régions du Liban. C’est par miracle si je j’en suis sorti. »Il évoque une forme de torture pratiquée par al-Nabi Youssef : le tapis volant où le prisonnier est allongé sur le dos et ligoté sur une planche en bois. Ses pieds et ses mains sont tirés vers le bas pour provoquer une pression au niveau du dos. « Cette pression se poursuit jusqu’à ce que vous passiez aux aveux. » Et si vous n’avez rien à avouer ? « Vous inventerez quelque chose pour que la torture cesse », répond tout simplement Abbas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La torture au quotidien&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Insaf Bou Haïkal, dont le fils Fawzat a été arrêté, en 1985, à l’âge de 22 ans par les troupes de Damas et transféré en Syrie, parle à l’instar de toutes les mères de détenus des recherches effectuées, des pots-de-vin versés et des humiliations subies. Elle est sûre que son fils se trouve en Syrie et à aucun moment n’envisage le fait que Fawzat soit enseveli dans un charnier.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Insaf parle de la torture dans « l’usine d’oignons ». Précisons dans ce cadre que l’usine en question a fermé ses portes avec l’arrivée des troupes syriennes à Anjar, en 1976. Elle était constituée de hangars destinés au rangement des oignons. La caserne qui servait d’endroit pour l’interrogatoire est située non loin de là, en face d’un entrepôt frigorifique où des fruits et des légumes sont emballés pour être exportés. Cet entrepôt, qui est mitoyen à la caserne, a fonctionné tout le long de la période de la présence syrienne au Liban.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La mère du détenu indique, citant les propos des employés de l’entrepôt : « Les Syriens pendaient les gens par les pieds. Quand leurs mains devenaient bleues, ils défaisaient leur chaîne, leur plongeaient la tête dans un seau d’eau. Les prisonniers reprenaient connaissance et ils étaient pendus à nouveau. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C’est le visage blême, les traits tirés et le regard dans le vide que les employés de l’entrepôt que nous avons interrogés parlent de la torture. « Cette prison était surtout fonctionnelle de 1980 à 1991, durant les pires moments de la guerre. Les prisonniers arrivaient les yeux bandés. Nous savions d’où ils venaient grâce aux voitures qui les amenaient… On s’était habitué à les identifier, grâce au va-et-vient… En 1985, il y avait beaucoup de prisonniers appartenant au mouvement al-Tawhid de Tripoli. En 1989 et 1990, c’était surtout des membres des Forces libanaises et des aounistes », raconte un employé qui a voulu garder l’anonymat. « Beaucoup d’entre nous ont été arrêtés et passés à tabac. Les Syriens voulaient nous effrayer pour que l’on garde le silence. Ils ont réussi », dit-il, ajoutant qu’un « mois avant le départ des troupes de Damas, les prisonniers ont été acheminés par étapes dans des camions en partance vers la Syrie ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mohammed, lui, veut témoigner à visage découvert pour son frère Ahmed Hammoud, arrêté et transféré en Syrie au tout début de la guerre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mohammed travaillait en 1985 dans l’entrepôt. Comme tous les employés, il voyait la torture, entendait le bruit des fouets qui claquaient sur la peau des prisonniers et les cris de douleur. « Quand j’étais là-bas, il y avait surtout des membres du Tawhid de Tripoli. Je les reconnaissais à leur manière d’implorer Dieu sous la torture. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il affirme que « la caserne abritait six chambres, où des dizaines de jeunes hommes étaient emprisonnés. La torture se passait en plein air devant nous, ou dans les étables à chevaux, au rez-de-chaussée. Mais nous n’osions pas regarder ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lui-même a été une fois arrêté et battu. Il en a perdu l’ouïe durant quinze jours. Comme la plupart des employés de l’entrepôt, Mohammed, qui n’a pourtant travaillé que sept mois à proximité de la caserne, entend jusqu’à présent les cris des détenus qui retentissent dans sa tête.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il sait qu’un certain nombre d’entre eux ont dû périr sous la torture. Il sait aussi que les Syriens ont agi au Liban en toute impunité. Et il veut que justice soit faite. Il n’est pas le seul.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Patricia KHODER, L'Orient-Le Jour - 6 Décembre 2005&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-113384589801804953?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/113384589801804953/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=113384589801804953&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113384589801804953'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113384589801804953'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/12/dautres-charniers-pourraient-tre.html' title='D’autres charniers pourraient être découverts dans la Békaa et à Tripoli'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-113210736916913436</id><published>2005-11-15T18:12:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2005-11-15T18:16:09.180-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The missed opportunity for economic reform in Syria</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;The missed opportunity for economic reform in Syria&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By: Sren Schmidt : Roskilde University Centre, Roskilde, Denmark&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bashar al-Assad, the incumbent President of Syria, declared in his inauguration speech in 2000 that economic development was his absolute priority. In February 2001 in an interview with the London-based daily Al Sharq Al Awsat he reiterated that his general vision for Syria could be summed up in seeing Syria more prosperous.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even in Syria, gone are the days when nationalist and anti-Zionist rhetoric provided sufficient legitimacy to govern. Bashar al-Assad seems to have understood that income and jobs are increasingly important to the Syrian people who hold the regime accountable for the fact that all neighboring countries (except probably Iraq) are faring much better than Syria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While Syria's Gross National Income per capita was 1,190 USD in 2004, Jordan's was 2,140 USD, Turkey's 3,750 USD and Lebanon's 4,980 USD.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By and large, Bashar al-Assad has not succeeded in improving the Syrian economy since 2000.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Economic growth has not exceeded population growth, and as a consequence only a fraction of the almost 300,000 people who enter the labor market every year have found employment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unemployment has as a consequence been rising and is now officially estimated at 15 percent of the working population, but unofficially at almost the double. In 2002, The International Labor Organization estimated youth unemployment (ages 15-24) to be 73 percent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What is even more disturbing is that the illiteracy rate has lately risen by more than ten per cent and now stands at 19 per cent, and that the number of people considered below the poverty threshold and not able to satisfy their basic needs is now estimated by UNDP to comprise 11.4 per cent of the population.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Expectations of reform were high when Bashar al-Assad took power in 2000. The funeral of his father, Hafez al-Assad, was attended by prominent leaders such as Madeleine Albright, Jacques Chirac and Romano Prodi, who by their presence gave Bashar al-Assad their nod of approval, together with the promise of support to bring change and reform to Syria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Likewise, during the last five years, EU commissioners and EU Presidents have visited Syria several times. The EU has made commitments of technical assistance for more than 100 million Euros through the MEDA program, as well as offering Syria a Free Trade Agreement and the promise of future strategic and economic help.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These opportunities were however quickly squandered.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First the young President overplayed his hand in relation to the American invasion of Iraq by not making good on an explicit promise to the US to stop Jihadists entering through the Syrian-Iraqi border and Syrian businessmen providing equipment to Iraqi insurgents.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then the President allowed his security apparatus to resort to old time tactics of intimidation and assassinations of anti-Syria voices. The result of these blunders is that the Bush administration has enacted the Syria Accountability Act, which details punishment of Syria if it continues its support to Iraqi Jihadists, Hezbollah and radical Palestinian organizations. France also agreed with the US and the international community to pass UN security resolution 1553, which demanded that Syria cease any future involvement in Lebanese affairs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The relationship between Syria, the EU and the US has been aggravated since autumn 2005 by the Mehlis report on the assassination of Lebanon's former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri in February 2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The report points to the likely involvement of top Syrian officials including the brother-in-law of the President, Asif Shawqata, in the killing of Hariri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The US has apparently settled on a strategy of regime change in Syria while the EU seems willing to toe its line for the time being by putting the signing of the Association Agreement on hold sine die.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Association Agreement is the document that would provide the basis for further development in relations between the two entities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Under such unwelcoming conditions, increasing risks and uncertainty, Syrian or foreign private investors shy away from undertaking longer term productive investments and bringing much needed know-how and technology to Syria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bashar al-Assad has indeed had a real window of opportunity to bring Syria onto a new course, but he did not seize it. Through serious missteps, he seems to have forfeited the chance for indispensable Western cooperation to bring the Syrian economy afloat again. As a result, the window of opportunity is closing and the wellbeing of the Syrian population seems to be made hostage to its own government.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What went wrong and why?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this profile, I shall suggest some answers to these questions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Heritage &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During Hafez al-Assad's reign, Syria became a politically stable country, but it was not a stability based on a sound economic footing and an institutionalized political system. The economy that Bashar al-Assad has inherited consists of a medium-productive agricultural sector, a small and weak industrial sector, and the oil sector.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is strengthened by remittances from Syrian workers abroad, adding roughly fifteen per cent to incomes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a sound economy the share of manufacturing industry would increase over time and be able to earn needed foreign exchange to the country. This has not been the case in Syria. Value-added in manufactures has declined over the years and accounts now only for 15 percent of GDP, almost purely earned on domestic consumption.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Export of manufactures - mainly in textiles and food industry - declined drastically during the 1990s and accounts now only for seven per cent of total exports, while oil amounts to more than 70 per cent. The remaining share of exports is made up of raw cotton. During the 1990s, the productive capacity of the Syrian economy eroded dramatically, and the country became more and more dependent on the vagaries of rain and oil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Politically, Hafez al Assad built his regime on a combination of repression and a precarious legitimacy based on economic subsidies to peasants, state employees and the general public, as well as hand-outs to businessmen closely connected to the regime.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oil revenues financed all of this. Unlike Egypt, the Syrian regime has never made an effort to at least open a dialogue with major oppositional forces, whether based on a liberal-democratic or an Islamic platform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The sectarian character of the regime, whose coercive nucleus rests on the minority Alawite community, has hardened this lack of negotiating and communicative avenues with important forces in the population.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ability to agree on reforms is clearly not facilitated by a political system, where the inevitable short-term cost of reforming the economy is turned into anti-regime grievance possibly resulting in regime change before longer-term benefits can be accrued.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Besides the debilitating political system, the capacity of Syrian state institutions to provide public goods, whether regulations and incentives, legal adjudication or services, has almost been destroyed after many years of using public employment as patronage for its proselytes, lack of accountability measures and not least the absence of moral leadership by the regime. The public sector, which Bashar al-Assad inherited, is bereft with corruption, disillusionment and inefficiency.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In short, the state understood as a device to provide third party intervention in society is almost gone. What remains is its raw coercive capacity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the gloomy heritage that Hafez al-Assad left to his son.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Presuming that Bashar al- Assad had the inclination and wish to transform the dead-ended Syrian economy, the challenge to turn this heritage into sound development would indeed a very able, wise and shrewd politician at the helm of the state.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reforms &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The short political opening of the "Damascus Spring" in 2001 was quickly followed by the still ongoing "Damascus Winter, which is characterized by the crackdown on and imprisonment of reformers transgressing the red lines of the regime. The reformers main point is that any economic reforms would require democratization and political liberalization as a precondition to making politicians and officials accountable. Specific demands such as rescinding emergency laws and the political monopoly of the Ba'ath were reasonably heard by the regime as its death tolls and rejected.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Regardless of pious wishes and campaigns targeting selected minor personalities, corruption and inefficiencies continued.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elementary government functions were in shambles. When Syria negotiated the Association Agreement with the EU, it took the government more than a year just to provide the figures on custom duties in force which stalled the negotiations accordingly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Matters of policy formulation were similarly chaotic and improvised. During 2004 three separate wide-ranging economic reform plans were put forward without any relation to each other. All plans are made up of grand ideas and wish-lists and devoid of operational goals and reflections on implementation. Five years after the incumbent President made economic reform his highest priority; analysts agree that Syria still lacks a proper economic reform plan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beside empty gestures to open a virtual university and allowing unsupervised and unaccredited private universities, the main economic reform during the last five years has been to allow the establishment of private banks. More than four years after the highest authority of the Ba'ath party issued a decree on this issue, the first of three banks opened in early 2004. Although a reasonable step in improving the business climate in Syria, the reform does not address the main problem of the financial sector, which is that it is the public oil sector and not the private sector that generates foreign exchange.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As long as the state is not able to channel at least a portion of this foreign exchange into productive private investments in stead of financing the imports of the loss-making state industries and subsidies, private banks will only improve the delivery of technical financial services, but will not facilitate productive investments.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Privatizing state industries and ensuring that scarce foreign exchange is used for productive investments instead of consumption is a political challenge that the Government so far has avoided.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The need to underpin private banks with regulations and strong monitoring capacity from the Central Bank in order to avoid that they are used as conduits for scams and foreign exchange flights is well known. The nomination of the former employee of the French Trade Office Adib Mayaleh as new Governor of the Central Bank of Syria does not bode well for the ability of the bank to perform this function.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mayaleh held no previous position in financial institutions prior to his appointment and his nomination has impressed neither businessmen nor economists in Syria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The other main economic reform issue during the last five years has been the intention to enter into a free trade area with the EU, which is the cornerstone of the Association Agreements of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It is however hard to see how entering a free trade agreement with Europe will solve the main problem of the Syrian economy, which is its lack of competitiveness. Under the preferential status Syria presently enjoys through the General System of Preferences by which the EU unilaterally gives tariff reductions to developing countries within certain quotas, Syria could not muster much export. In 2003 Syria only exploited its allocated quota for clothing to thirty per cent,, while the exploitation rates for leather and live plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables were only thirty and sixty per cent respectively.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clearly, a further liberalization of Syria's trade regime would not help it much, when its record has been so dismal in exploiting existing free entrance to the EU. Why has the Syrian economy not been able to compete? Instead of looking for the answer to this question in easy stroke-of-the-pen reforms, the real problems of the Syrian economy are related to the capacity of its state to complement and support market-based development as well as to the inability and lack of inclination of the regime to address the genuine political issues related to reforming its political economy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I shall in the following indicate some of the policies that would address such institutional and political reforms, but have so far been skirted by the regime.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-reforms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many observers attribute the economic problems of Syria to its socialist economy. However, since the undertaking of economic liberalization in the late 1980s, the private sector share of production has grown steadily. While the private sectors share of industrial, non-oil GDP in 1990 was only 45 per cent, it grew to 82 per cent in 1999. To describe the Syrian economy as socialist is therefore not correct. Instead, the private sector in Syria exists alongside a state that is easily penetrated and used for private purposes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The huge business empire of Rami Makhlouf, the cousin of the President on his mother's side, is a case in point.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Amongst many other things, Rami Makhlouf is owner of one of Syria's two mobile phone operators and co-owner of the other.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When in 2002 he wanted to take over the share of his original co-investor, the Egyptian mobile phone company Orascom, he engineered that the Syrian authorities chased the company out of the country in order for him to take over Orascom's share of the company. This example illustrates the problem of soft states, like Syria, that not only are assets of the state easily privatized, but private actors make use of the state to prey on each other.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Administrative reform is indeed on the top of Bashar al-Assad's reform list, but unless it includes some measures of public political and administrative accountability (i.e. exactly what the Damascus Spring reformers demanded), such reforms will be superficial and never able to deal with close associates to the President himself, such as Rami Makhlouf.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other related institutional reforms include reestablishing the judiciary as a neutral and independent adjudicator. It is presently very difficult to enforce private contracts with the help of the judiciary, which of course does not help the business climate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The EU has for years promoted the idea that free trade is the key to economic development. This is clearly contradicted by the fact that almost any late-developer has used preferential state treatment of domestic industries to catch up with the competitiveness of already industrialized countries. Syria is no exception to this. Syrian industries suffer from a host of disadvantages. Without constructive incentives to overcome these and develop competitive industries, a free trade regime will simply result in Syria being de-industrialized, as hardly any of its present industries can compete with European companies. A strong and benign state instead of the present underfinanced and overstaffed predatory state apparatus is therefore needed as an active co-player in developing the competitiveness of the Syrian economy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The EU as well as some liberals in the Syrian reform camp such as the former World Bank economist Nabil Sukkar in contrast still seems to favor the neo-liberal philosophy of the 1980s that as long as the private sector gets a free hand, development will follow.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finally one may point to the need to reduce and redirect public expenditure. Vital public expenditure on education and public health has been starved (public spending on public health was less than two per cent of GDP in 2004 and public spending on education was in 1998 only 3.6 per cent of GDP - far below average spending in the Middle East), while administrative salaries, the military and subsidies are the big items of public expenditure. The expenditure for the generalized subsidy of heating oil, for instance, is estimated to be almost ten per cent of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Public expenditure reform is hard and difficult political work, where losers have to be juggled against winners and short-term interests against long-term interests. So far it seems that Bashar al-Assad neither has the inclination, the power nor the political legitimacy to bring about such much-needed reforms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While Hafez al Assad learned the ropes of being a politician the hard way by fighting his way to the apex of power, Bashar al-Assad gained power by means of the manipulations of his father and his jamia (inner group of associates). As a result, Bashar al-Assad's legitimacy amongst the strongmen of the regime as well as amongst the general public is weak. His dilemma is that if he gave way to a more inclusive political system, which could facilitate the forging of a broader reform constituency, he would in fact alienate the very individuals within the security establishment who groomed him as president.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Instead, Bashar al-Assad has attempted to strengthen his power by further transforming his regime into a family affair by his recent nominations of Asef Shawkat, his brother-in-law, as head of Military Intelligence, and his own brother Maher as well as Manaf Tlass, the son of former Defense Minister Mustafa Tlass, as heads of the most potent fighting force in Syria, the Republican Guard.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the economic field, Bashar al-Assad has given a free hand to regime tycoons such as his cousin Rami Makhlouf.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Just before the Ba'ath meeting in June 2005, al-Assad closed the single remaining civil society salon of the Damascus Spring debates led by the moderate Jamal Atasi because it allowed a letter from the exiled head of the Muslim Brotherhood to be read at its meeting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the logic of the regime, closing the club, toying as it is with the idea of uniting the moderate Islamic and liberal-democratic opposition, seems well justified. It is exactly such a pincer movement by the opposition that may mobilize sufficient force and numbers to bring about the democratic undoing of the regime. The Tenth Regional Conference decided to maintain the political monopoly of the Ba'ath, to uphold the emergency laws and to agree on such platitudes that its economy should be a social market economy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It seems evident that the foundation of political rule will require a complete overhaul before real steps to reform the time-warped and unhealthy political economy in Syria may be reformed. The improvised and superficial steps taken so far will surely not bring any change. The problems lie eminently in the lack of capacity of the Syrian state to play a constructive role in developing a market economy, as well as in the regime's lack of any inclination to pursue public interests instead of the personal material interests of its members.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So far, the regime does not have an imminent economic crisis on its hands. Present oil prices provide ample means to finance the Syrian renter economy. Oil production reached almost 600,000 barrels per day in 1995 but declined to less than 450,000 barrels per day in 2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although estimates on future oil reserves are subject to large margins of error, experts have estimated that by 2012 Syria will become a net importer of oil. By that time, hard political choices can surely no longer be ignored.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The latest killings of the prominent Kurdish moderate Islamist Sheikh Mohammed Khaznawi and the ensuing deadly clashes in Qamishli in north-east Syria between the police and demonstrators as well as the shoot-out in Damascus last year where a number of people were killed indicate that radical Islamism and Kurdish nationalism are on the rise.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the same time, Bashar Al Assad's room of maneuver for repressive measures against the political associates of these forces has been seriously narrowed by Syria's regained candidate status as a new international pariah country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Syria is now subject to much closer scrutiny by the EU and the US on human rights and democracy issues than it was when Bashar as-Assad took over.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It might indeed demand more leadership quality than al-Assad can muster to get the regime out of this bind.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-113210736916913436?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/113210736916913436/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=113210736916913436&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113210736916913436'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113210736916913436'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/11/missed-opportunity-for-economic-reform.html' title='The missed opportunity for economic reform in Syria'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-113210660945523478</id><published>2005-11-15T18:00:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2005-11-15T18:03:29.473-08:00</updated><title type='text'>LEGACIES OF SYRIA'S OCCUPATION IN LEBANON - Searching for the Disappeared</title><content type='html'>LEGACIES OF SYRIA'S OCCUPATION IN LEBANON&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Searching for the Disappeared&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Yassin Musharbash in Beirut&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hundreds of men from across Lebanon are listed as missing. Their relatives worry they have been taken away by the Syrian occupying forces. For years, the families have stayed silent, for fear of the oppressors. But now resistance is stirring: for months, their loved ones have been camping outside the UN Building in Beirut.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The men in the photos have thick, heavy moustaches and long hair; some are wearing smart shirts with oversized collars. All the rage -- back then. But that was long ago. The photos -- displayed under protective plastic on a board leaning against a white pillar -- are all from the 1970s and 80s. In many cases, they are the last pictures their families took before their sons, brothers and sisters vanished off the face of the earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Daniel Joseph Montesourati for example. "We have no idea why they took him," says his sister. Daniel was 33 when he failed to return home from a trip to Syria. That was back in 1992; if he is still alive, Daniel is now 47 years old. His family has spent a lot of money trying to find out what happened to him. Today all they know is that Daniel was arrested on suspicion of being an Israeli spy. In 2000, the family had their first and last news of his fate: A prisoner who had been released from Syria's Sitnaya Prison confirmed he had seen Daniel there.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are more than 700 cases like this one, support groups for those left behind believe. The story of the "disappeared" forms one of the darkest chapters in the history of Syrian-Lebanese relations -- a link already poisoned by the quasi-occupation of Lebanon by the Syrian Baathist dictatorship. It wasn't until this year that the Lebanese government even admitted that cases like that of Montesourati even existed, says Ghazi Aad, founder of "Before that, it was taboo," explains the founder of "SOLIDE" (Support of Lebanese in Detention and Exile). "The government was controlled from afar by Damascus. Whether those who disappeared are alive or dead, nobody knows exactly."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Camped out in front of the UN&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aad, a marine biologist who is confined to a wheelchair, is almost constantly talking on his mobile phone -- often to the press. He has his group are trying to raise as much awareness for their cause as they can and learned a lot by watching the Lebanese opposition recently. They are camping out in the middle of the city, turning it into a cross between a campsite and a vigil. The difference between this and the opposition protests is that those gathered here now are some 30 years older than those who shook up the status quo in Lebanon at the beginning of the year and set off the so-called "Cedar Revolution" which led to the Syrians' withdrawal from Lebanon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A "No Smoking" sign hangs neatly at the entrance of the tent, located directly in front of the United Nations building in Beirut. The choice of location is a strategic one -- the group, says Aad, is demanding an internation UN commission to investigate the disappearances. The small camp has been there for seven months, with around 50 relatives gathering each day, and at least two sleeping in the tent at night. The edge of the site is marked by large walls displaying photographs of the disappeared. Sesame biscuits are handed around, while relatives repeatedly exchange the stories of their missing loved ones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"He wrote the two letters that he smuggled out with the charcoal from the tip of burnt matchsticks" says a woman of her brother Imad Abdallah, who was 20 years old when he disappeared in 1984. Ever since she received his letters in 2002 she has known that he is being held in a Syrian jail in Tarmud. Ten different passers-by, who had also spent time in prison in Syria, recognized her brother's photograph and were able to confirm the story. "I'm a physical and mental wreck," her brother wrote. "Please help me!" Imad was also accused of being an Israeli collaborator. "In truth, the fact that he was a supporter of the Arafat wing of the PLO didn't suit the Syrians," his sister says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;At least 200 cases&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Nothing was easier than accusing someone of being an Israeli spy", confirms Ghazi Aad. This was by far the most frequent excuse given, that is if any excuse were given at all. Aad has been looking into the cases of the disappeared since 1990, then still a risky undertaking. He called on the families to document their cases and within two weeks, 200 separate cases had been compiled. "It was only then that we understood the full extent of this," he says. "We saw that those on the left and right, Muslims and Christians, Druze and Palestinians were all equally effected." Aad today believes that the Syrians were really using this as a method to bring the Lebanese under their control. Whoever had a relative disappear would then behave themselves by conforming to the system -- so that they wouldn't jeopardise the chances of seeing their loved ones again. This is why so few cases were made public.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The varied backgrounds of the disappeared is reflected here at the camp. There are elegantly dressed ladies, tastefully made up, wearing expensive, rimless spectacles, sharing tea with ragged looking Palestinian women from the refugee camps. All wear badges bearing the question "How much longer?" next to a photograph of their relative.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;"We're waiting"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They are hopeful that -- now that Lebanon is in transition -- information about their relatives might soon be forthcoming. And indeed, there is now a Syrian-Lebanese governmental commission charged with uncovering the fate of the disappeared. But the Syrians -- so say the Lebanese -- are hindering the process. Additionally, says Ghazi Aad, they have come up with the bizarre claim that -- just in the last three and a half years -- some 759 Syrians have disappeared while in Lebanon. The families are fed up with the infighting and have demanded an international, independent investigation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hope has also come from the UN investigation into Syrian involvement in the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri being led by Detlev Mehlis. Mehlis has added international weight to the accusations the Lebanese opposition has long been making: namely that a conspiracy between Lebanese and Syrian secret services was responsible for the killing of Hariri. Aad and his group would also like to work toward the kind of clarity that has been achieved by Mehlis -- but Syria has proven a roadblock. Still, Lebanon -- whose official request is needed to get the UN involved -- has already indicated that the Mehlis report has pried open doors that have long been locked up tight. "We're waiting," says Aad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For almost three decades, Syria held all the power in Lebanon. The small country on the Mediterranean was packed with Syrian spies and military personnel -- little more than a Syrian satellite. And the mini insurgency of the family members of the disappeared shows just how many open wounds are left from this period.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Nothing has changed yet," complains Imad Abdallah's sister impatiently. But the others comfort her. "Everything will come out," they promise. Meanwhile, Ghazi Aad is once again on the phone with the press. He is also the only one of the group who isn't missing relatives in Syria. "I am doing this," he says, "because I had to watch as friends of mine were carted off."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Der Spiegel, English edition, November 15, 2005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-113210660945523478?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/113210660945523478/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=113210660945523478&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113210660945523478'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/113210660945523478'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/11/legacies-of-syrias-occupation-in.html' title='LEGACIES OF SYRIA&apos;S OCCUPATION IN LEBANON - Searching for the Disappeared'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112844578916069948</id><published>2005-10-04T10:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-10-04T10:09:49.190-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Syria after Lebanon: Hooked on Lebanon</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Syria after Lebanon: Hooked on Lebanon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;by Gary C. Gambill &lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Middle East Quarterly FALL 2005 • VOLUME XII: NUMBER 4&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although Syrian troops have withdrawn from Lebanon, their departure is little more than a symbolic acknowledgment of Lebanese sovereignty, extracted under enormous pressure from the international community. They had not been directly involved in policing the country for nearly a decade, and their number had already dwindled in recent years from a peak of over 40,000 down to 14,000. The backbone of Syria's power in Lebanon—its intelligence apparatus—has merely gone underground. The assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri in February and the murders of prominent dissidents Samir Kassir and George Hawi in June suggest that Syria remains as capable as ever of murdering dissidents and fomenting violence if developments in Lebanon do not go its way.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As Western observers debate how tenaciously Syrian president Bashar al-Assad will resist the independence of Lebanon and what the implications are for his grip on power at home,[1] many ignore the most critical factor affecting these questions. Put simply, the Assad regime is hooked on Lebanon. Jibran Tueni, editor of Beirut's leading daily newspaper, An-Nahar, recently estimated that the Assad regime siphons at least ten billion dollars (US) a year from Lebanon,[2] equivalent to 47 percent of Syria's gross domestic product (by comparison, Saudi Arabia's oil exports represent 36 percent of its gross domestic product).[3] While Tueni's estimate is probably exaggerated, Syrian revenue from Lebanon amounts to several billion dollars a year. Assad's political survival may well hinge on how successfully he fights to preserve this financial lifeline.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When Syrian influence in Lebanon waned in the aftermath of Israel's 1982 invasion and the subsequent entry of U.S. and European peacekeeping forces, the late Hafez al-Assad struck back with terrorist and militia proxies, plunging the country back into civil war. Ironically, his son's deeper financial dependence on Lebanon today lessens the appeal of a full-scale destabilization campaign. Bashar faces a much more difficult challenge: how to keep his golden goose without strangling it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Conquest of the Underworld&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Drug production, counterfeiting, and other illicit trades account for the Assad regime's oldest—and once the most lucrative—source of occupation revenue. Such criminal enterprises have flourished wherever Lebanese territory has come under the control of Syria or its proxies. Throughout the Lebanese underworld, whether Syrian officials are involved directly or merely offer protection to local criminal networks, Damascus gets its cut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Drug production. While Lebanon's eastern Bekaa Valley was already known for producing high quality hashish when Syrian troops first entered the country in 1976, it only became a major global narcotics producer under Syrian occupation. Between 1976 and 1991, drug cultivation in this region expanded from 10 to 90 percent of arable land.[4] By the early 1980s, the Bekaa was the source of more than half of all marijuana and hashish seized in Western Europe.[5] Under Syrian supervision, it also became a center for opium poppy cultivation and heroin processing. By 1990, according to Western narcotics agencies, Lebanon's annual heroin trade was worth around US$1.4 billion.[6]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A 1992 report by the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Crime and Criminal Justice, itself based on classified briefings by the Central Intelligence Agency and the Drug Enforcement Agency, estimated that the Syrian military earned between $300 million and $1 billion from narcotics production and trafficking in Lebanon. "Whether by extorting protection payments, collecting bribes, or even becoming active partners with the Lebanese traffickers," the report found, "most individual Syrian officers and troops directly profit from the drug trade… Without Syrian military participation, the present system of growing, producing and transporting drugs in Lebanon today would simply collapse."[7]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Following the report's release, Washington began pressuring the Syrian government to curtail Lebanon's drug trade. In 1993, Syrian and Lebanese troops launched a much-publicized crackdown on drug cultivation in the Bekaa Valley. Moreover, Syrian and Lebanese security forces moved only against the easily observable cultivation side of Lebanese drug production. Laboratories in Hermel, Baalbek, Zahle, and other Bekaa Valley towns reportedly continued to produce heroin from opium imported from Turkey, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, as well as cocaine from raw coca paste imported from South America under Syrian protection.[8] Nevertheless, in 1997 the U.S. State Department removed Lebanon and Syria from its annual list of countries that produce or traffic in illicit drugs.[9]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not long after its removal from the list, Syria began relaxing restrictions on drug cultivation and, by the end of the decade, marijuana harvests were on the rise.[10] When CNN Beirut bureau chief Brent Sadler and a team of cameramen tried to film cannabis fields near Hermel in June 2001, armed gunmen forced them out of their car and confiscated their film equipment.[11]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Counterfeiting. Beginning in the late 1980s, Syrian officers in Lebanon became heavily involved in counterfeiting U.S. and, to a lesser extent, European currencies. They initially focused on distributing Iranian-produced bills through the same networks that laundered their drug proceeds[12] but soon began to produce higher quality forgeries at their own Bekaa printing presses. In 1993, NBC quoted U.S. intelligence sources as saying that Syrian counterfeiting of $100 bills in Lebanon had "skyrocketed." It reported both that U.S. authorities had already seized $200 million of the fake currency and officials' fears that billions more were in circulation.[13] The bogus bills were so sophisticated that the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank's scanning machines failed to identify the money as counterfeit.[14] After pocketing perhaps over $1 billion, the Syrian government came under intense U.S. pressure to cease their racket.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Money laundering. After gaining full control over Lebanon in 1990, the Syrian regime exploited Lebanon's bank secrecy laws to launder billions of dollars from the drug trade, the sale of weapons to Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, and other illicit activities. For example, the Beirut-based Bank al-Madina bought billions of dollars in real estate at inflated prices. It required sellers to deposit their proceeds in the bank and accept "no questions asked" interest payments drawn from secret Iraqi accounts not recorded in the bank's books. This pyramid scheme collapsed only when the influx of Iraqi money stopped in the weeks prior to the March 2003 U.S.-led invasion. Depositors panicked and tried to withdraw their money, only to find that more than one billion dollars were gone. The bank quickly collapsed.[15] The Lebanese government's investigation failed to uncover the whereabouts of these funds, but there is evidence that the bank paid substantial kickbacks to senior Syrian officials.[16] After the owner of the Beirut-based television station New TV, Tahsin Khayat, declared in December 2003 that he had evidence linking a top Syrian intelligence officer to the scandal, Lebanese security forces detained him.[17]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Syrian government's return from money laundering is not readily quantifiable. The main financial benefit is that it allows the Assad regime to obfuscate its sources of income. More important though are the strategic returns—Syrian-backed terrorist groups can use Lebanese banks to launder and distribute funding received from donors who value anonymity.[18] Iraqi insurgent leaders have been allowed similar access. For example, Saddam's half-brother and former intelligence chief Sabawi Ibrahim al-Hassan laundered millions of dollars in Lebanese banks before his capture earlier this year.[19]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lebanese black-marketeers dealing in everything from stolen cars to audiovisual bootlegging can operate only by providing cuts to Syrian officials who may receive up to a billion dollars annually from underworld criminal activity in Lebanon. However, this figure is minor compared to what Syrian officials have skimmed in other ways from Lebanon's open economy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kickbacks for the Kingmaker&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lebanon has one of the most corrupt governments in the world. In 2001, a United Nations-commissioned corruption assessment report estimated that Lebanon loses more than $1.5 billion annually as a result of graft—nearly 10 percent of the country's gross domestic product.[20] The mechanism for this graft is apparent. Of $6 billion in project expenditures examined in the report, only 2.4 percent ($143 million) was awarded by the state Administration of Tenders. The remainder went not to the most qualified applicants but to those willing to pay the highest bribes. Over 43 percent of companies surveyed in the report acknowledged that they "always or very frequently" pay bribes. Some 40 percent said that they "sometimes" do.[21]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Corruption was rife in Lebanon long before the Syrian army entered the country. More than one Syrian commentator has lamented that it was Lebanon that corrupted Syria. Once the Assad regime became kingmaker in Lebanon, a world of riches opened before it. A Lebanese cabinet minister who might pocket $200 million in bribes a year gladly remits half in return for the Syrian support necessary to remain in his position. In this respect, Syrian officials did not come into the country and change the rules—they simply used their control over Lebanon to siphon money out of the system in the same way, albeit on a greater scale, that Lebanese political elites had been doing for generations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Having won Lebanon at a time when their own country's economy was reeling from a cutoff of Soviet aid, Syrian officials learned to master the Lebanese economic game. Their mentor, ironically, was the late Rafik Hariri, a multi-billionaire construction tycoon close to the Saudi royal family. After two years of lobbying Damascus for the job, Hariri assumed the premiership in 1992, and the Lebanese economy went into overdrive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hariri poured billions of dollars into rebuilding the country's war-ravaged infrastructure and resurrecting Beirut's business and hotel districts, a construction boom financed by runaway deficit spending and massive injections of international aid. The results exemplified Lebanon's version of trickle down economics—after everyone gets their cut, only a trickle of government spending actually reaches its destination.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He spent over $2 billion, for example, in the early 1990s on a plan to boost the country's power capacity from 800-1,000 megawatts to over 2,000 megawatts by rehabilitating or constructing ten power plants and their accompanying grids. Not only was much of the money—over $500 million according to one former minister—siphoned off in the process,[22] but rampant profiteering directed the remainder to redundant or ill-conceived projects. A decade later, the Lebanese government is struggling to produce 1,400 megawatts of electricity, and rolling blackouts continue to plague the capital.[23]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Government expenditures are not the only source of graft. Lack of transparency and unreliable contract enforcement in Syrian-occupied Lebanon make it impossible for private sector investors, whether Lebanese or foreign, to enter any economic sector without cutting deals with Damascus. Whether their business is banking or BMWs, the most important ingredient of success for entrepreneurs in Lebanon is not cost efficiency or marketing savvy but political protection obtained through secret partnerships with Syrian officials. In this way, members of Lebanon's oligarchy gain preferential access to government contracts, operating licenses, and law enforcement needed to beat out competitors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A large portion of their profits is diverted into Syrian pockets. Lebanese investors often function as little more than front men for Syrian patrons who reap most of the profits. Until recently, for example, Lebanon's cell phone market was dominated by two companies: LibanCell and Cellis. On paper, Ali and Nizar Dalloul, two sons of a former Lebanese defense minister, owned 86 percent of LibanCell, but both were widely rumored to be fronting for Syrian vice-president Abdul Halim Khaddam and former Syrian chief of staff Hikmat Shihabi.[24] Many Lebanese say that Najib Miqati, a close friend of Assad's who served as Lebanon's prime minister between April and June 2005, owned 30 percent of Cellis. In the latter half of the 1990s, the two companies saw their profits skyrocket as the Syrian-dominated Lebanese government blocked competitors from entering the market while allowing them to charge exorbitant subscription fees. Whereas mobile telephone calls cost around 3-8 cents per minute in other Arab countries, in Lebanon the rate was 13 cents per minute. As companies elsewhere in the world were giving away mobile phones to attract customers, LibanCell and Cellis charged new subscribers a $500 deposit for their new telephones.[25]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While many Lebanese elites resented Syrian profiteering, the Assad regime's control over the Lebanese judiciary ensured that few dared to openly contest it. In a country where just about everyone in government is corrupt, selective prosecution is an enormously effective instrument of control. In 1994, Lebanese parliamentarian Yahya Shamas was arrested and imprisoned on drug trafficking charges which, according to Shamas, were filed after he refused to sell a piece of lucrative property to Ghazi Kanaan, the head of Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon, for less than its market value.[26]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hariri, however, was no Syrian puppet. In making senior Syrian officials such as Khaddam and Shihabi rich, Hariri bought himself a bloc of support within the Syrian regime whose interests were not fully in line with those of the Assad family. Lebanon may have been in Syria's pocket, but factions of the Syrian regime were effectively in Hariri's pocket.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After assuming control of the "Lebanon file" as part of his political apprenticeship, however, Bashar al-Assad ousted Hariri in 1998 and shifted power to Lebanon's military-intelligence elite, led by President Emile Lahoud. Bashar quickly found that Hariri was more dangerous out of office. Although Hariri returned to power after a two-year hiatus, his increasingly confrontational relationship with the Syrians was largely a reaction to this demotion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Conquest of Labor&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A third critical economic return of Syria's occupation is the flow of remittances from roughly one million Syrian workers in Lebanon estimated to range from $2-$4 billion annually.[27] During the heyday of Lebanon's reconstruction, the number was much higher. According to statistics from Lebanon's General Security Directorate, cited by Lebanese economist Michel Murkos, the number of Syrians entering the country between 1993-95 exceeded the number who departed by almost 1.5 million.[28] Since Syria's per capita gross domestic product is less than a third of Lebanon's, its workers are willing to labor for much lower wages than their Lebanese counterparts. As a result, Lebanon's two largest unskilled labor markets—construction and seasonal agriculture—are dominated by Syrians while 20 percent of the Lebanese labor force is unemployed.[29] Those who manage to get unskilled jobs in the face of stiff Syrian competition are usually forced to accept low wages, dismal working conditions, and no health insurance or other benefits. The plight of Lebanon's urban poor is directly linked to Syrian labor colonialism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Very little money earned by Syrian workers remains in Lebanon. They typically live in squalid conditions, often sharing a single room with several compatriots so as to remit the bulk of their earnings back to their families. The Assad regime has further discouraged them from spending their wages in Lebanon by preventing them, for example, from bringing Lebanese-made durables back into Syria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Damascus has protected this vital asset by entrusting only diehard loyalists with Lebanon's labor ministry portfolio. The outgoing labor minister, Assem Kanso, and former labor minister, Abdullah al-Amin (1992-95), are senior officials in the Lebanese branch of Syria's ruling Baath party. Former labor ministers Assad Hardan (1995-98, 2003-04) and Ali Kanso (2000-03) are leaders of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, which advocates Lebanon's dissolution as a state and incorporation by Syria. The Lebanese government is not allowed to regulate the influx of Syrian workers, who do not pay taxes or permit fees normally required of foreign workers, depriving the Lebanese treasury of several hundred million dollars per year according to Lebanese economist Bassam Hashem.[30] In order to limit the amount of competition faced by Syrian workers, Damascus has forced the Lebanese government to restrict the entry of non-Syrian laborers into Lebanon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Conquest of Agriculture&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;A fourth dimension of Syrian economic domination also hurts Lebanon's poor. Much like nineteenth century European colonial powers, the Syrian government treats its protectorate as a captive market for its own exports, particularly agricultural produce. The Assad regime not only forces its Lebanese counterpart to accept disadvantageous terms of trade, but it also violates these terms whenever expedient by smuggling produce past Lebanese customs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In desperation, some Lebanese farmers invested their savings, switching to cultivation of fruits unsuitable for Syrian climate, only to find the Syrians smuggling the same fruit into Lebanon from other countries. For example, in recent years, Lebanon has been deluged by bananas smuggled into the country from Syria. According to Waddah Fakhri, the head of the Southern Farmers' Association, Syrian smugglers import the bananas through the Syrian port of Latakia where they avoid customs duties by claiming that the goods are in transit to Lebanon. The shipments are then smuggled past Lebanese customs and enter local markets duty-free.[31] In June 2003, the local media reported that "watermelon farmers in Lebanon are suffering from excessively low prices for their crops due to the smuggling of Jordanian watermelons across the Syrian border."[32]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stiff Syrian competition might have had a silver lining if it had spurred the Lebanese government to develop and modernize its agriculture sector. However, the Syrians disallowed this. While agriculture accounts for about 12 percent of Lebanon's gross domestic product, well under 1 percent of the yearly budget is allocated to this sector. Of $7.5 billion in development funds allocated under the 1999 five-year plan of the Council for Development and Reconstruction, agriculture and irrigation projects itemized separately received only .5 percent and 1.1 percent, respectively. "Civic education, youth, and sports" projects, by contrast, received 2.6 percent.[33]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Consequently, despite its abundance of arable land, premium soil conditions, plentiful water resources, and rich diversity in topography and climate allowing for the cultivation of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, Lebanon is one of the least agriculturally self-sufficient countries in the world, with agricultural and agro-industrial imports exceeding exports by a nearly 20-to-1 margin.[34]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Implications&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Assad regime is not yet in trouble. Syrian troops may no longer be in Lebanon, but none of its most important Lebanese revenue streams have been cut. Drug producers in the Bekaa Valley and corrupt bankers in Beirut will continue paying off the Syrians as long as Damascus can guarantee that the authorities in Beirut leave them alone. Syrian farmers will continue to export tariff-free produce into Lebanon until the authorities block their smuggling routes. Most Syrian workers will remain in the country until the Lebanese government starts limiting and regulating their presence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lebanon's new government will face tremendous domestic pressure to act against Syrian interests in all of these areas. However, the threat of assassination will continue to loom over Lebanese elites who defy Damascus, and the Assad regime will remain capable of fomenting instability in the country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That said, Assad has to contend with the fact that, justly or not, the international community will blame Syria for any assassination, especially if Lebanese politicians are killed after taking actions that hurt Syrian interests. More importantly, fomenting instability in Lebanon could damage an economy in which the Syrian officials are heavily invested and undercut demand for and security of Syrian workers. Assad will have to use violence more selectively than did his father if he is to preserve Syrian interests in Lebanon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Syria's financial dependence on Lebanon also poses a problem for the United States. While the White House has signaled its desire for fundamental change in Damascus, a sudden erosion of Assad's grip on power might encourage him to embark on diversionary adventures, spark a Sunni Islamist uprising against his minority ‘Alawite regime, or precipitate a coup by the so-called "Old Guard." Assessing the impact of reduced revenue from Lebanon on Assad's regime is complicated by the fact that it is hooked on income from its Lebanese interests in different ways. Worker remittances flow to a large segment of the Syrian population, for example, while kickbacks go directly to the regime or constituent factions. Produce smuggling benefits both farmers and smugglers, but the exact dispersal of proceeds between the two is not entirely clear. If the Bush administration seeks to change Syrian behavior, it would do well to order a thorough assessment of Syria's financial balance sheet in Lebanon to clarify the motivation of various Syrian factions as well as subtle pressure points that could help to ensure that Damascus does not interfere in Lebanon's fragile independence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gary C. Gambill is a political analyst for Freedom House and former editor of Middle East Intelligence Bulletin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1] William Harris, "Bashar al-Assad's Lebanese Gamble," Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2005, pp. 33-44.&lt;br /&gt;[2] "One of Hariri's Legacies—A Massive Debt for Lebanon," Inter Press Service, Mar. 10, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;[3] All figures are for 2003. For Saudi oil revenue, see "Saudi Arabia Country Analysis Briefs," U.S. Department of Energy, Jan. 2005; for Syrian and Saudi GDP, World Development Indicators Database, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., accessed July 12, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;[4] International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, 1992), p. 50.&lt;br /&gt;[5] Associated Press, Nov. 28, 1985.&lt;br /&gt;[6] Associated Press, June 29, 1990.&lt;br /&gt;[7] "Syria, President Bush, and Drugs—The Administration's Next Iraqgate," Subcommittee Staff Report, House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Crime and Criminal Justice, Oct. 28, 1992; see also, The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 23, 1992. Syrian revenue from the drug trade was estimated at $500 million in U.S. News &amp; World Report, May 4,1987.&lt;br /&gt;[8] Reuven Erlich, "Terror and Crime in Lebanon: Removal of Syria and Lebanon from the U.S. Department List of Countries Selling Drugs," International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Apr. 25, 1998; Agence France-Presse, Feb. 26, 2002.&lt;br /&gt;[9] Associated Press, Nov. 12, 1997.&lt;br /&gt;[10] Ziad K. Abdelnour, "The Revival of Lebanon's Drug Trade," Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, June 2001.&lt;br /&gt;[11] Agence France-Presse, June 19, 2001.&lt;br /&gt;[12] Associated Press, July 2, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;[13] U.S. News &amp; World Report, Apr. 4, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;[14] United Press International, Sept. 30, 1993; The Washington Post, Mar. 6, 1994.&lt;br /&gt;[15] Gary C. Gambill and Ziad K. Abdelnour, "The Al-Madina Bank Scandal," Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Jan. 2004.&lt;br /&gt;[16] U.S. News &amp; World Report, Apr. 4, 2005; ibid.&lt;br /&gt;[17] Financial Times, Mar. 22, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;[18] Agence France-Presse, Sept. 22, 2003, Jan. 16, 2004; Avi Jorisch, "Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV, 24/7," Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2004, p. 21.&lt;br /&gt;[19] Newsday, Mar. 7, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;[20] The Daily Star (Beirut), Jan. 27, 2001.&lt;br /&gt;[21] Ibid.&lt;br /&gt;[22] Agence France-Presse, Aug. 15, 2003.&lt;br /&gt;[23] Ibid.&lt;br /&gt;[24] Numerous author interviews with Lebanese officials and activists.&lt;br /&gt;[25] The Daily Star, Aug. 17, 2002.&lt;br /&gt;[26] The Associated Press, Nov. 25, 1994.&lt;br /&gt;[27] For the lower estimate see, Financial Times, Mar. 22, 2005; for the higher estimate see, The Christian Science Monitor, Apr. 8, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;[28] An-Nahar, July 24, 1995, cited in Habib Malik, Between Damascus and Jerusalem: Lebanon and the Middle East (Washington: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1997), p. 41.&lt;br /&gt;[29] Agence France-Presse, Apr. 20, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;[30] The Daily Star, Nov. 16, 2000.&lt;br /&gt;[31] The Daily Star, Oct. 19, 2002.&lt;br /&gt;[32] The Daily Star, June 19, 2003.&lt;br /&gt;[33] The Daily Star, Oct. 18, 2003; As-Safir (Beirut), May 31, 1999.&lt;br /&gt;[34] The Daily Star, Sept. 15, 2003.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112844578916069948?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112844578916069948/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112844578916069948&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112844578916069948'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112844578916069948'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/10/syria-after-lebanon-hooked-on-lebanon.html' title='Syria after Lebanon: Hooked on Lebanon'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112787832578392288</id><published>2005-09-27T20:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-09-27T20:32:05.800-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Quand l’esprit de résistance est plus fort que les horreurs de l’occupation</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;Quand l’esprit de résistance est plus fort que les horreurs de l’occupation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La villa Philippe Raymond Jabre, ancien siège des SR syriens au Metn, se remet à vivre&lt;br /&gt;L'article de Patricia KHODER&lt;br /&gt;L'Orient-Le Jour, 27/9/2005La villa Philippe Raymond Jabre, au Bois de Boulogne, qui avait abrité le quartier général des services de renseignements syriens pour le Metn, de septembre 1978 jusqu’à mars 2005, respire à nouveau la vie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Avant son occupation par les troupes de Damas, la villa protégeait le bonheur d’une famille unie. Après avoir été témoin durant 28 ans de la souffrance et de l’humiliation d’un peuple, la résidence a accueilli à nouveau, récemment, l’espace d’une messe et d’un déjeuner, ceux qui l’avaient habitée depuis sa construction à la fin des années quarante, leurs enfants, petits-enfants, parents proches, amis et voisins du Bois de Boulogne. Bref, ceux qui étaient là avant l’occupation. La villa et son jardin, l’espace que beaucoup ont craint durant 28 ans, sont redevenus accueillants, rassurants. Un grand drapeau libanais flotte désormais à l’entrée de la résidence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les croyants compareront l’histoire de la villa au symbolisme de la Résurrection. D’ailleurs, c’était bien le thème de l’homélie du père Antoine Achkar, qui a célébré la messe. D’autres verront plus communément la force de la vie qui prend le dessus sur la mort, la foi en un avenir meilleur, ou tout simplement la preuve – encore une – de la capacité de résistance d’une famille, d’un peuple, face à l’occupation. La preuve que rien ne dure éternellement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il faudra environ trois ans pour que la villa Philippe Raymond Jabre soit entièrement restaurée. Mais déjà les travaux y ont été entamés, faisant d’elle la première résidence à retrouver, tant soit peu, l’allure qu’elle avait avant l’occupation, et ce grâce à l’initiative et la volonté de son propriétaire, Philippe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il a fallu plus de quatre mois pour nettoyer entièrement la villa et son jardin. Le bâtiment a été ensuite ensablé de l’extérieur ; les pierres ont retrouvé leur belle couleur blanche. Dans le jardin, 150 pins ont été plantés.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bien qu’il lui faille encore beaucoup pour qu’elle regagne sa splendeur d’antan, la villa Jabre, ancien quartier général des SR syriens, est méconnaissable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C’est avec beaucoup d’émotion et les yeux noyés de larmes que les membres de la famille et les amis ont retrouvé la bâtisse après le retrait syrien.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;« Nous avons habité la maison 29 ans, les Syriens 28 »&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il n’est certes pas facile de se retrouver dans un endroit chargé de souvenirs et dont on a été privé durant 28 ans, surtout quand des membres de la famille qui se sont sacrifiés pour préserver la terre ne sont plus physiquement présents pour faire partie de la fête.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Michel Jabre, le frère de Philippe et le fils de Raymond, est mort en martyr, avec six de ses camarades, le 29 septembre 1976, au tout début de la guerre, sur les barricades, à Tarchich, non loin de là. Il avait 20 ans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Victor Jabre, l’oncle de Philippe, a péri il y a quelques années. Il s’était marié avant la guerre dans les jardins de la résidence. En septembre 1978, lors de l’entrée des troupes de Damas dans la région, il était au Bois de Boulogne, dans la villa voisine, celle de son frère François, qui a été elle aussi occupée par l’armée syrienne et qui est également en cours de restauration. Le jour où les Syriens avaient investi les lieux, ils voulaient le fusiller sous un arbre du jardin. Il avait échappé à la mort par miracle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Son épouse, Arlette, possède de vieilles photos qui permettent de retrouver le bonheur passé. Au cours de l’occupation, elle s’était rendue une fois dans la villa. « Je voulais montrer la résidence à mes enfants…Les soldats étaient présents et ils avaient mis des cloisons à la place des portes, bloqué des corridors… Alors je leur ai montré les véritables chemins à l’intérieur de la villa, ils n’étaient pas très satisfaits », raconte-t-elle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Carla François Jabre, qui a grandi dans la villa voisine, se souvient : « Nous étions sept enfants à jouer dans cette résidence. C’est la maison de mon grand-père. Nous ne partions pas en voyage pour l’été. Nous restions là au Bois de Boulogne. » Celle qui habite actuellement les États-Unis poursuit : « Il y avait les randonnées à bicyclette, les célébrations du 15 août, les bals des enfants au Château du bois. Nous faisions souvent de la marche jusqu’à la place du Bois de Boulogne. Une fois par semaine nous allions à Khonchara pour remplir des cruches d’eau potable, nous nous rendions chez Haoui à Dhour el-Choueir pour déguster du chocolat mou. Ce café-trottoir n’existe plus…» Mais comme pour s’empêcher de se lamenter sur le passé, elle indique : « J’ai toujours su qu’ils allaient partir un jour. Je n’ai jamais perdu espoir. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Son père François pense à la restauration. Depuis le départ des Syriens, il se rend trois fois par semaine dans sa propre villa. « Tout est à refaire, il ne reste plus rien que les murs et le plafond. Le chantier a déjà commencé », indique-t-il.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Raymond Jabre, qui a légué il y a trois ans – avant le départ des Syriens – la propriété à son fils, regarde pensif le grand jardin. « Durant 28 ans, ils avaient dissimulé leurs tanks ici, il y en avait une douzaine, indique-t-il. Ils ont brûlé et coupé les arbres. Plus de 600 pommiers ont été utilisés comme bois de chauffage… Il n’y a plus que la carcasse de la villa. En 28 ans, je me suis rendu trois fois à la maison, j’ai été dégoûté... À plusieurs reprises, ils nous avaient promis de quitter les lieux, en vain. C’est l’assassinat de Rafic Hariri qui les a obligés de partir. Nous avons habité la maison durant 29 ans, les Syriens, eux, l’ont occupée 28 ans », conclut-il.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;« C’est ma maison et elle n’est pas celle de la mort »&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Philippe Jabre, la quarantaine, évoque lui aussi les périodes presque égales où, tour à tour, sa famille et les troupes de Damas ont occupé les lieux. Établi à Londres et père de quatre enfants, il se tourne vers l’avenir. Il parle de « passation de flambeau » : la villa a été construite par son grand-père Michel en 1947. Ce dernier était parti en Amérique latine puis en Afrique, avant de rentrer au Liban.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Philippe Jabre, comme le reste de sa famille, ne tient pas superficiellement aux pierres de la façade ou aux arbres du jardin. Il va au-delà de tout ça et parle de « racines, d’histoire familiale ». Et le fait que la maison ait servi de quartier général des SR syriens ne fait probablement qu’augmenter sa volonté de la reconstruire, pour qu’elle abrite à nouveau le bonheur de sa famille.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« Quand je suis arrivé à la villa, après le départ des Syriens, une phrase qu’ils avaient inscrite sur un mur m’a frappé : “Nous sommes les hommes de la mort”. C’est ici que j’ai grandi, c’est ma maison : elle n’est pas celle des ténèbres. Et il est impensable que l’on permette à des personnes qui sont restées là durant 28 ans de nous vaincre », dit-il, résolu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il reconnaît que, durant la présence syrienne, la villa a été témoin de beaucoup de souffrance, « de toute la cruauté des hommes ». D’ailleurs, avant d’entamer la restauration, il a eu peur de découvrir un charnier. Il avait donc décidé de fouiller le jardin. « Nous n’avons trouvé aucun ossement. Les dossiers trouvés dans la villa et les inscriptions sur les murs de ce qui servait de cellules de prison seront documentés », indique-t-il.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le propriétaire de la résidence ne veut pas oublier le passé. Il veut tout simplement tourner la page pour que la villa reprenne sa splendeur d’antan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Et c’est en partie à cause des souffrances dont la villa a été témoin que Philippe Jabre et son épouse Zaza ont tenu à célébrer une messe pour marquer le début d’un nouvel avenir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D’autres initiatives ont été prises. Le jardin de la résidence servira plus tard à des activités sociales et caritatives. L’infrastructure pour la réussite de ces activités existe déjà à travers l’Association Philippe Jabre (APJ) qui assure des aides universitaires, institutionnelles et socio-médicales.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Durant l’été, des scouts ont campé dans une partie du jardin. « Ce sont les jeunes et les enfants qui ramèneront un souffle de pureté à la villa, témoin de tant de souffrances. Plus tard, des colonies de vacances seront proposées », indique Zaza Jabre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;« J’ai vu les murs et les gens revivre »&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;À l’instar de tous les propriétaires de la région, la famille Jabre a rêvé du moment où elle récupérerait l’espace qui lui avait été ôté. Ce n’est que quelques jours après l’évacuation qu’elle s’est rendu compte, comme beaucoup d’autres Libanais, de l’ampleur des humiliations, des souffrances et des horreurs que les soldats syriens avaient infligées à des milliers de Libanais détenus dans la résidence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pour la famille, l’espace qui était chargé de bons souvenirs s’est transformé en un endroit qui représentait désormais « trop de malheurs pour beaucoup de gens ». Les propriétaires ont pris la décision d’inverser la vapeur. Et pour que la villa abrite à nouveau le bonheur, il fallait penser aux enfants, seuls capables de transformer les choses. C’est pour cette raison que les scouts ont été invités à camper à la villa Jabre, dès que le jardin avait été nettoyé.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Claude Jabre Issa, la sœur de Philippe, a été la première à entrer dans la villa après le départ des Syriens, le 13 mars dernier. « Ils venaient de quitter les lieux. J’avais la jambe plâtrée et je me déplaçais à l’aide de béquilles », dit-elle. Tout le long de l’occupation syrienne, Claude n’est jamais entrée dans la villa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pour elle, en 1978, l’occupation de la résidence était une affaire secondaire : « Mon frère Michel est mort deux ans auparavant, le 29 septembre 1976, non loin d’ici…Quand on perd des personnes qu’on aime, les choses matérielles deviennent complètement secondaires », ajoute-t-elle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« Avant le décès de Michel, la villa était témoin de beaucoup de bonheur. Il aimait tant cet endroit », indique Claude Jabre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nagy Khoury, ancien ami de Michel qui a péri sur les barricades, n’avait pas mis les pieds dans cette résidence « depuis 1976 ». Il évoque ses souvenirs, les plus beaux. « Nous avions peut-être 18 ans. C’était durant les années soixante-dix. Michel avait décidé d’organiser un bal à thème. Nous devions nous présenter habillés en châtelains du XVIIe siècle. Nous étions six couples. Il y avait un voiturier, un crieur, un dîner assis, de la valse… Tout ça pour douze personnes », raconte-t-il.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nagy Khoury a visité les lieux évacués par les Syriens avec beaucoup d’émotion. « J’ai revu Michel assis dans le petit salon en train de parler au téléphone », dit-il. Même si l’endroit a été saccagé et même si beaucoup de temps est passé depuis sa dernière visite, Nagy a vu « les murs et les gens revivre ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il est de ces endroits, même témoins des pires atrocités, qui ne peuvent pas être souillés ou qui peuvent être facilement purifiés. Il suffit que les personnes qui les possèdent soient armées d’amour et de foi. C’est le cas des propriétaires de la villa Jabre, ceux qui l’ont construite et habitée et non ceux qui l’ont occupée.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un cèdre que Michel Jabre avait planté il y a plus de trente ans veille toujours sur la villa. Malgré les humiliations et les horreurs, l’arbre, symbole de tout un pays, est toujours vivant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De septembre 1978 jusqu’à mars 2005, les habitants de la région passaient devant la villa Jabre, le profil bas et la peur au ventre. Ceci fait désormais partie du passé.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112787832578392288?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112787832578392288/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112787832578392288&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112787832578392288'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112787832578392288'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/09/quand-lesprit-de-rsistance-est-plus.html' title='Quand l’esprit de résistance est plus fort que les horreurs de l’occupation'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112690641555454638</id><published>2005-09-16T14:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-09-16T14:33:35.570-07:00</updated><title type='text'>EACH OF YOU IS AN AVENGER</title><content type='html'>EACH OF YOU IS AN AVENGER&lt;br /&gt;Account of a Lebanese Forces member who took part in S&amp;S massacre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Original Source: The German weekly, Der Spiegel, issue # 7, February 14, 1983 - The article was entitled 'Each Of You Is An Avenger'. Translated from Amnon Kapliouk: Enqette sur un massacre: From the election of Bashir Gemayel, to his assassination, to Sabra &amp;amp; Shatila massacres, - Arabic version with additions. - Translated &amp; published by: Al-Dar Al-Taqdimiyah, Beirut, September 1984)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We met in Wadi Shahrur, Southeast of Beirut. It was Wednesday, the 15th of September, after our leader Bashir Gemayel was assassinated. We were approximately 300 men from East Beirut, South Lebanon and the Akkar mountains in the north. We were all members of the Kataeb party. We were wearing the Kataeb uniform, and so were those who belonged, like myself, to the Tiger Militia of ex-President Camille Chamoun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kataeb officers summoned us and brought us to the meeting place. They told us that they needed us for a 'special mission.' Of what they said to us: ‘You came here by your own will to avenge the horrible murder of Bashir Gemayel. You are God’s agents, each of you is an avenger!'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This speech moved me. I had lost two of my siblings when the Palestinians attacked Damour in 1976. And from the conversations I had with my comrades, It became clear to me that most of them also had lost relatives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A dozen Israelis in green uniforms without indication of rank came along. They had maps with them and spoke Arabic well, except that like all Jews, they pronounced the hard 'h' as 'kh.'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It had to do the Palestinian camps of Sabra and Shatila. We had to study the maps for long hours. This was wasted time as it was clear to us what we were to do and we were looking forward to it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Our officers told us that we had a noble mission to accomplish - that is liberating Lebanon of its last remaining enemies. We had to mop up the two camps and capture all men capable of fighting. We felt very proud of this.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the noon of the next day (Thursday), our group met again. We had to take an oath never to divulge anything about our action. At about 10 p.m., we climbed into an American army truck that the Israelis had put at our disposal. We parked the vehicle near the airport rond point. There, right next to the Israeli posts, several such trucks were already parked. These trucks were later used to transport the Palestinian prisoners.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some Israelis in kataeb uniforms were with the party (with us). Our officers had told us that "the Israeli friends who will accompany you are also volunteers, they haven’t said anything to their army about their involvement with us…they will make your work easier."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They directed us not to make use of our firearms as much as possible, for everything must proceed noiselessly. They said that they expect us back in 3 hours.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There was a Kataebi officer (liaison officer) at the entrance of the camp securing the communications with the Israelis. We were led afterwards by a masked man to a slope near the deserted Kuweiti embassy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Jump!” ordered a voice behind me. Next to the wall, which we had jumped over, was a small house with a tin roof. We forcibly opened the door. Inside it there were an old man and women, and 2 boys, aged 15 and 16. They were listening to the radio. We pointed our machine guns at them and searched the place for weapons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the boys seemed insolent; he yelled at us: “Dogs of the Jews.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He thought he was courageous, the lowlife, so we struck him in his heart with the bayonet (spear of the gun). This happened quickly and without noise, as we’d been ordered, but we couldn’t prevent the horrific screams of the old couple and the remaining guy, despite the fact that we didn’t harm them. Two of our comrades led them out towards the trucks. I don’t know if they’ve reached there…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We saw other comrades. They had followed the instructions &amp; done their work noiselessly without shooting but with the use of bayonets &amp;amp; knives. Bloody corpses were lying in the alleys…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The terrified women and the children who were crying out of help obstructed our work as their screams alarmed the camp residents.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suddenly, we heard shots, as there were armed Palestinians at the northern section of Shatila camp. They were shooting at us, with Bazoukas too. One of my comrades lost his right arm, and we had to retreat. The idea of accomplishing the mission in 3 hours became unfeasible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now I saw once again the Israeli advisors who had been at our secret meeting. One of them had a walkie-talkie; he signaled us to move back to areas of the camp entrance. Few minutes later, the Israelis started shelling the camp. We moved forward again (into the camp). The Israelis helped us with flares so that we can distinguish between the enemy and the friend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There were shocking scenes that showed what the Palestinians were capable of. A few armed men, including women, had hid in a small alley, in the northern section of the camp, behind some donkeys. Unfortunately, we had to shoot down these poor animals to finish off the Palestinians behind them. It got to me when the animals cried out in pain. It was gruesome.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And to believe what kind of people are these Palestinians: a wounded comrade, looking for bandages, entered a house full of women and children. The Palestinians screamed in his face and threw their gas stoves on the ground and burnt the house in order to prevent him from finding bandages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We will send those hard-hearted rabble to hell.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At about 4 (AM) my squad went back towards the trucks. Only one truck has been used…(it was understood from this that there had been no prisoners, but that the prisoners were killed).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We went to Haddath to spend the night, at dawn (when there was morning light – in Ralph’s translation); we went back into the camp. We went past bodies, stumbled over bodies, shot and stabbed all eyewitnesses. Killing was very easy once you have done it before.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now came the first Israeli army bulldozers. One of the Kataeb officers ordered: "Plow everything under the ground. Don't leave any witnesses alive. Things must be done very quickly."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He could stay whatever he wanted. Didn’t he see the magnitude of the task?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite our efforts the camp was still crowded with people. We could hear shooting from all directions. The people there were fending for themselves. They ran about and caused awful confusion. The Order to "plow them under" demanded too much.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have avenged the deaths of our civil war victims. But Saturday night, it became clear that our “beautiful” plan had failed. Thousands of Palestinians had escaped us. Far too many Palestinian enemies are still alive. Everywhere now people are talking about a massacre; and feeling sorry for the Palestinians, who had forced us to do this!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Who appreciates the hardships that we took upon ourselves for a just cause? Just imagine this: I fought once for twenty-four hours in Shatila camp without food or drink!!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112690641555454638?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112690641555454638/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112690641555454638&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112690641555454638'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112690641555454638'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/09/each-of-you-is-avenger.html' title='EACH OF YOU IS AN AVENGER'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112531648030109165</id><published>2005-08-29T04:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-08-29T04:58:36.850-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Assad: 'No Syrian Officer Put a Gun to Hariri's Head. I Never Threatened Him'</title><content type='html'>"I never threatened him and no Syrian intelligence officer had ever pointed a gun to his head," says president Assad about the last meeting he held in Damascus with Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri in connection with a Syrian decision to extend President Lahoud's term in office by three extra years.&lt;br /&gt;The Syrian president also made it plain that he has given the green light to U.N. investigator Detlev Mehlis to question 5 Syrian officials face-to-face on the basis that Syria would be absolved from guilt. Otherwise, the verdict of the German prosecutor would be viewed as 'falsified' under western political pressure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two main sources reported that Assad did threaten Hariri in the Damascus meeting because Hariri argued against the Lahoud extension. The first was Walid Jumblat, Hariri's closest political ally, and Lara Marlow, the roving correspondent of Ireland's radio and television.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Druze leader said Hariri had personally told him of the threat. "If you and Jumblat think that Chirac can get me out of Lebanon, I assure you that I will destroy Lebanon off the face of earth before I leave," Hariri said, according to Jumblat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lara Marlow said Hariri told her of Assad's threat a week before he was assassinated in a massive bombing attack that shredded his motorcade on a seaside Beirut boulevard Feb. 14. He had then resigned office in protest against the Lahoud extension, which was dictated virtually at gunpoint on the Lebanese Parliament by Syria's military intelligence apparatus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Mr. Hariri asked me in my last interview with him not to report his revelation of the Assad threat unless something happens to him," Marlow reported. "Now that he is killed, I am duty bound to disclose that Assad had made a life threat to Hariri before his assassination. Mr. Hariri told me about it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Assad made his denial of the threat in an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, the full text of which was published Monday, a day after the weekly made excerpts available to the international press, giving U.N. investigator Detlev Mehlis, a Berlin prosecutor, the green light to interrogate face-to-face five senior Syrian officers in connection with the Hariri murder. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Some had even said that I threatened him. Others maintained a security official put a gun to his head. This is ridiculous," Assad said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We are showing complete cooperation. We are interested in the investigation because we are convinced we will be cleared -- that is unless the results are falsified for political reasons," Assad said. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Asked whether he could really be sure that Syrian secret services or other compatriots were not involved, Assad said: "I am completely sure. Such an act would require the co-operation of many people and institutions. Had this been the case we would have known about it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He said he had not attended Hariri's funeral because of the allegations that Syria engineered his murder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Why would Syria kill someone with whom there were no differences. That makes no sense. In actual fact we Syrians are the ones who have been the most disadvantaged by this affair," Assad said. &lt;br /&gt;Assad pledged that Mehlis could speak with any Syrian he wanted to in his investigation, according to the interview. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I have said that everyone with whom he wants to speak is permitted to give testimony. That is in my interest, and in the interest of Syria."(source Naharnet-AP) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beirut, Updated 29 Aug 05, 10:22&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112531648030109165?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112531648030109165/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112531648030109165&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112531648030109165'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112531648030109165'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/08/assad-no-syrian-officer-put-gun-to.html' title='Assad: &apos;No Syrian Officer Put a Gun to Hariri&apos;s Head. I Never Threatened Him&apos;'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112417989869256038</id><published>2005-08-16T01:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-08-16T01:11:38.700-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Une tardive « découverte »</title><content type='html'>Un jour Jacques Chirac, tel saint Paul sur le chemin de Damas, eut une brusque illumination : il s'aperçut que l'armée syrienne occupait le Liban. Il y avait pourtant des lustres que les légions d'Assad père ou fils imposaient au pays du Cèdre une pax syriana brutale et intéressée. Que la Syrie mettait son voisin en coupe réglée, nommait présidents, ministres, députés ou simples fonctionnaires en envoyant ad patres ceux qui s'opposaient à ses desseins prédateurs. Mais tout le monde semblait s'accommoder de cette situation par crainte d'une reprise de la guerre. Les Israéliens eux-mêmes préféraient - et préfèrent toujours - avoir à leur frontière une armée régulière responsable et capable, notamment, de contrôler le Hezbollah plutôt que des milices laissées à elles-mêmes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La France officielle rappelait rituellement son attachement à l'indépendance et à la souveraineté du Liban. Les historiens évoquaient de temps en temps les mânes de Saint Louis, de François Ier, de Louis XIV ou de Charles de Gaulle, qui, au fil des siècles, réaffirmèrent leur volonté de protéger le Liban. Mais la realpolitik dominait. Paris, bon gré mal gré, dut avaler, ces vingt-cinq dernières années, des quantités industrielles de couleuvres : l'assassinat de son ambassadeur Louis Delamare le 4 septembre 1981 près de la résidence des Pins, l'attentat contre sa chancellerie en mai 1982 (11 morts), celui contre l'immeuble Drakkar le 23 octobre 1983 (58 parachutistes tués)...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jusqu'à l'an dernier, la France détournait pudiquement les yeux. Jacques Chirac semblait alors partager l'analyse de son ami Rafic Hariri : il fallait d'abord reconstruire le Liban, élargir ses espaces de liberté, ses marges de souveraineté et obtenir en douceur des Syriens qu'ils allègent leur pesante tutelle. Un vent d'espoir souffla lors de la mort de Hafez el-Assad. Le « Bismarck du Proche-Orient », éternel stratège de l'ambiguïté, était enfermé dans un univers autistique incapable d'évoluer. Mais peut-être son fils Bachar ferait-il bouger le système ? C'est du moins ce que l'on espérait à Paris. Jacques Chirac fut, ainsi, le premier à recevoir l'héritier en grande pompe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais l'espérance d'une perestroïka à la syrienne se dissipa aussi vite que les brumes certains matins d'automne à Damas. Le régime ossifié était manifestement dans l'impossibilité de se réformer. Ses dirigeants ne paraissaient pas avoir pris la mesure des changements intervenus aux Proche et Moyen-Orient depuis la chute du mur de Berlin et la guerre d'Irak. Rafic Hariri, naguère encore soucieux de ménager la Syrie, avait entrepris avant sa mort de prendre la tête de l'opposition libanaise. Soucieuse de normaliser ses relations avec les Etats-Unis, la France fut donc le poisson pilote de la résolution 1559, qui réclamait le départ des troupes syriennes. Le Liban était devenu le terrain privilégié du rapprochement franco-américain. Jusqu'à un certain point.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Car Paris, contrairement à Washington, considère qu'il serait dangereux d'exclure le Hezbollah du jeu politique libanais. Et, surtout, la France n'entend pas se mêler des affaires intérieures syriennes. En d'autres termes : encourager le renversement du régime alaouite. Deux lignes rouges qui constituent la démarcation entre la France et l'Amérique sur le dossier libanais&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pierre Beylau&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;le point, 24/03/05&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112417989869256038?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112417989869256038/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112417989869256038&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112417989869256038'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112417989869256038'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/08/une-tardive-dcouverte.html' title='Une tardive « découverte »'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112370546225880317</id><published>2005-08-10T13:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-08-10T13:24:22.263-07:00</updated><title type='text'>KURDISTAN d'IRAK : Un appel au secours des Chrétiens</title><content type='html'>Ils sont peut-être un million en Irak -- et entre 100.000 et 200.000 au Kurdistan, dans le nord du pays, dans cette région où la présence chrétienne remonte à la fin du 4° siècle. Depuis 30 ans leur situation n’a cessé de se détériorer: victimes de la répression qui a suivi le soulèvement du général Barzani en 1962, ils ont doublement souffert, comme Kurdes -- ou habitants du Kurdistan -- et comme chrétiens. Aujourd’hui, le Kurdistan irakien étant “de facto” séparé du reste de l’Irak, les Chrétiens du Kurdistan connaissent les mêmes difficultés économiques que les autres Kurdes, avec, en plus, la difficulté de vivre dans un milieu musulman, et le sentiment d’être abandonné par la hiérarchie. Conséquence: ils émigrent. Cette émigration s’est faite en deux temps: dans un premier temps, les campagnes ont été “vidées” de leur population -- chrétienne ou musulmane -- par l’armée. Et dans un deuxième temps, ce sont les villes qui perdent leur population chrétienne, qui émigre vers Bagdad, et surtout vers l’étranger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dans le diocèse de Zakho -- l’un des deux diocèses du Badinan, avec celui d’Amadia -- 30 villages chaldéens et 40 églises ont été rasés: en dehors des villes de Zakho et de Dohok, il ne reste plus que cinq villages! Des églises très anciennes, certaines de plus de 10 siècles, ont été détruites, et d’autres, comme celle de Beidar, à la périphérie de Zakho, sont dans un état lamentable: après avoir été utilisée comme cantonnement par l’armée irakienne jusqu’au printemps 1991, elle sert aujourd’hui ... d’étable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le village de Sheranesh, à une vingtaine de kilomètres de Zakho, illustre la tragédie de ces familles chrétiennes du Kurdistan: environ 85 familles vivaient dans ce village qui possédait deux églises, dont l’une, vieille de plus de mille ans, était l’une des plus anciennes du Kurdistan. Après le soulèvement de 1962, à cause de l’insécurité, et pour des raisons économiques -- manque de terres, manque d’emplois -- les jeunes partirent s’établir à Zakho, Mossoul et Bagdad. En 1976, après l’effondrement du mouvement du général Barzani, l’armée a chassé les derniers habitants et rasé le village, dans le cadre d’une politique de “terre brûlée”, pour empêcher les “pechmergas” d’y trouver abri et nourriture: aujourd’hui, Sheranesh n’est plus qu’un amoncellement de ruines, et 350 familles issues de ce seul village vivent en Irak ou à l’étranger, dont six familles au Canada, et 420 personnes en Australie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grace au travail du père Petros Harboli, curé de la paroisse chaldéenne de Sainte-Marie, qui a recueilli des données statistiques très rares dans ce pays, on peut suivre l’évolution de la population chrétienne de Zakho. Zakho a bénéficié dans un premier temps de cette émigration des campagnes vers les villes: la population de sa paroisse est en effet passée de 810 personnes en 1975 à 1.314 personnes en 1976 et à un peu plus de 2.000 personnes en 1984, oscillant ensuite autour de 2.400. Mais en 1991 on assiste à une chute de la population, qui tombe à 1947 personnes -- avec 360 départs à l’étranger. On observe la même évolution dans la paroisse de l’église-cathédrale du père Paulos, où la population est passée de 855 personnes en 1975 à 1.500 en 1987, pour retomber à 1.168 en 1991. Les deux petites paroisses arménienne (174 familles en 1991) et syrienne catholique (32 familles en 1991) ont également vu leurs populations fondre ces dernières années. “Presque tous les Chrétiens ne pensent qu’à aller vivre à l’étranger -- c’est un rêve”, remarque avec tristesse un de leurs leaders.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beaucoup de ces candidats à l’émigration sont aujourd’hui en transit, en Turquie, où plusieurs centaines d’entre eux vivent dans des conditions lamentables dans un camp, près de la frontière, à quelques kilomètres de Zakho; ou en Jordanie, où ils attendent désespérément le visa qui leur permettra enfin d’aller en Australie, au Canada ou aux Etats-Unis. Ceux qui croupissent -- il n’y a pas d’autre mot -- en Turquie sont des réfugiés arrivés en avril 1991, lors du grand exode, et qui n’ont pas voulu retourner en Irak. En Jordanie, leurs compatriotes vivent, relativement, dans de meilleures conditions: ce sont des Chrétiens qui ont tout vendu après la guerre du Golfe, leur maison, leurs meubles, leur voiture, mais qui n’obtiendront probablement jamais leur visa; peu à peu leurs économies fondent, et ils devront rentrer chez eux en ayant tout perdu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pourquoi cet acharnement à émigrer?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Tant que Saddam Hussain sera au pouvoir à Bagdad, les gens n’auront pas d’espoir, ils continueront de vouloir émigrer”, dit Georges , dirigeant de la communauté chrétienne de Souleimania. Les Chrétiens du Kurdistan évoquent facilement leurs problèmes avec le gouvernement de Bagdad: “Le gouvernement de Saddam Hussain considérait les Chrétiens comme des Arabes, explique le père Petros Harboli; on devait suivre les lois faites pour les Arabes, et l’on ne bénéficiait pas des avantages accordés aux Kurdes: pendant la guerre, les Kurdes pouvaient choisir d’être incorporés dans l’armée régulière, ou de l’être dans les forces supplétives, qui restaient au Kurdistan: nous, nous étions envoyés d’office à l’armée et au front... Mais si nous étions Arabes, pourquoi détruisaient-ils aussi les villages chrétiens: c’était un sort réservé aux Kurdes!” Cette inégalité s’observait dans tous les domaines: “Les Chrétiens ne pouvaient pas faire tous les métiers, ajoute le père Petros: ce n’était pas interdit, mais en fait”...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les relations avec les Kurdes musulmans sont également conflictuelles: “Comme chrétiens, nous vivons toujours dans un état d’inégalité”, affirme le père Petros, qui rappelle qu’un chrétien peut devenir musulman, mais que l’inverse n’est pas toléré. Et si une chrétienne épouse un musulman, ses enfants sont automatiquement musulmans. Dans les écoles, on n’enseigne le catéchisme que s’il y a une majorité d’élèves chrétiens; “s’il y a 49% d’élèves chrétiens, il n’y a pas de catéchisme, souligne le père Petros; mais s’il y a un seul musulman dans une école, le Coran est au programme”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chrétiens et Musulmans s’affrontent aussi pour la possession des terres: de nombreux villages chrétiens étaient autrefois exclusivement habités de chrétiens, et il n’y avait pas de problème: tout le monde savait que leurs terres appartenaient aux chrétiens. Mais peu à peu, des Kurdes musulmans sont venus habiter dans ces villages où ils travaillaient comme bergers, cultivateurs; et peu à peu la population musulmane est devenue aussi importante que la population chrétienne... Après le début du soulèvement du général Barzani en 1962, de nombreux Chrétiens ont fui l’insécurité et abandonné leurs villages, et les Musulmans ont commencé à occuper leurs terres. Ce mouvement s’est amplifié en 1970, après la signature de l’accord sur l’autonomie du Kurdistan; et en 1976, après l’effondrement du mouvement du général Barzani. Dans certaines régions où le gouvernement avait installé des familles arabes dans le cadre de sa politique d’arabisation, les villages ont été occupés par des Kurdes musulmans quand les Arabes se sont enfuis devant l’arrivée des troupes alliées en 1991. Et partout les Kurdes musulmans disent: “ces villages nous appartiennent”. Et ils cultivent les terres, que réclament aujourd’hui leurs propriétaires chrétiens vivant à Zakho ou à Bagdad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le père Petros Harboli s’est entretenu de ce problème avec les responsables politiques kurdes: soucieux d’avoir de bonnes relations avec les Chrétiens du Kurdistan, ceux-ci ont répondu:”Nous ferons tout notre possible pour vous rendre vos terres, mais il faut que les Chrétiens retournent dans leurs villages”. Le problème, c’est que de nombreuses familles qui ont pris l’habitude de vivre dans de grandes villes ne veulent plus retourner dans les villages: elles veulent récupérer la propriété de leurs terres, mais pas vivre au village. Et les quelques Chrétiens qui ont eu le courage de retourner dans leurs villages vivent dans des conditions matérielles très difficiles: ils campent au milieu des ruines, dans des huttes de branchages, ou sous une tente de toile en plastique, sans moyens pour reconstruire leurs maisons...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isolés dans un monde musulman avec lequel ils ont des relations conflictuelles, les Chrétiens du Kurdistan sont d’autant plus angoissés qu’ils ont le sentiment d’être totalement abandonnés par la hiérarchie catholique: ”Nous avons un besoin vital de la solidarité de l’Eglise, dit le père Petros. Mais est-ce que le Vatican sait qu’il y a des Chrétiens ici, au Kurdistan? Le Vatican a envoyé en 1991 une délégation à Bagdad, mais est-ce que tous les Chrétiens sont à Bagdad? Qu’ils viennent voir les réfugiés dans les camps. Qu’ils viennent voir les jeunes... L’Eglise n’a pas de rôle positif. Le patriarche de Bagdad fait ce que veut le président de l’Irak; il vit dans son palais, et il ignore la situation des gens qui crèvent de faim sous des tentes: l’ancien patriarche n’est pas venu une seule fois au Kurdistan en 31 ans! Que la hiérarchie catholique -- cette hiérarchie qui commence au Vatican -- mais aussi l’Eglise de France, qu’elles viennent voir les villages, les villes, l’église de Beidar. Nous ne réclamons pas seulement sur le plan matériel. Nous voulons des relations, une visite: on se sent complètement abandonnés. Notre maison s’écroule, au matériel et au spirituel”...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;Croissance&lt;/strong&gt;, chris-kutschera, Janvier 1995)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112370546225880317?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112370546225880317/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112370546225880317&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112370546225880317'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112370546225880317'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/08/kurdistan-dirak-un-appel-au-secours.html' title='KURDISTAN d&apos;IRAK : Un appel au secours des Chrétiens'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112370535383485592</id><published>2005-08-10T13:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-08-10T13:22:33.843-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Le Kurdistan, dernier refuge des Chrétiens d'Irak</title><content type='html'>Les minorités ont besoin de lois. Quand il n’y a pas de lois, elles sont les premières à souffrir", affirme péremptoirement Philippe, un chrétien chaldéen (catholique) de Bagdad qui vient d’arriver avec femme et enfants à Ain Kaoua, la banlieue chrétienne d’Erbil, après avoir liquidé tous ses biens à Bagdad. Philippe travaillait à Bagdad pour une société américaine qui a fermé ses bureaux. Sans travail, se croyant menacé pour avoir "collaboré" avec les Américains, inquiet pour la sécurité de ses enfants adolescents, et en particulier pour sa fille aînée, Philippe a préféré prendre les devants, et se réfugier auprès de sa famille au Kurdistan irakien.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ils sont des milliers à avoir fait comme Philippe, certains s’arrêtant au Kurdistan irakien, la plupart prenant le chemin de l’Europe ou l’Amérique, via la Syrie. Et l’on peut se demander si la communauté chrétienne d’Irak n’est pas condamnée à disparaître, comme la communauté juive, dont il ne reste pratiquement plus un seul membre en Irak. Et pourtant, aujourd’hui, il y a encore en Irak quelque 650.000 chrétiens, dont 250.000 à 300.000 vivent à Bagdad, 50.000 à Mossoul, et 30.000 au Kurdistan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Une véritable hémorragie&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais depuis la chute du régime de Saddam Hussain et la montée en puissance des mouvements islamistes, cette communauté est victime d’une véritable hémorragie. Cela a commencé à Basra, où les chrétiens s’étaient installés relativement récemment, pour ouvrir divers commerces et en particulier des magasins vendant de l’alcool. On comptait quelque 500 familles au début des années 1970. Victimes d’attentats, ils ont tous fui, presque immédiatement après la chute de Saddam Hussain. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cela a continué à Bagdad et à Mossoul, où l’implantation chrétienne est par contre très ancienne, remontant au premier siècle de l’ère chrétienne. Pendant près d’un an, ces chrétiens n’ont pas eu l’impression d’être visés en tant que chrétiens, mais d’être victimes, comme les autres Irakiens, de l’anarchie et de l’insécurité générales.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais les incidents graves qui se sont multipliés depuis six mois ont bouleversé les chrétiens qui ne se croyaient pas menacés par les islamistes à Bagdad ou à Mossoul.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En septembre dernier, la maison du père Saba, un prêtre chaldéen de Mossoul, a été mitraillée par des inconnus. Sa faute ? Avoir condamné dans son oraison funèbre les terroristes qui avaient tué deux de ses paroissiens. Le père Saba s’est réfugié à Zakho, au Kurdistan irakien.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le 8 janvier, le père Charbel, et un novice ont été enlevés à Bagdad, et relâchés au bout de 24 heures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L'enlèvement de Mgr Casmoussa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais c’est l’enlèvement de l’évèque syrien catholique de Mossoul, Mgr Casmoussa, le 17 janvier, qui a semé un vent de panique dans la communauté chrétienne d’Irak. Kidnappé dans sa voiture en pleine ville de Mossoul, Mgr Casmoussa avait été jeté, les yeux bandés et pieds et mains liés, dans le coffre d’une voiture, et emmené dans un repaire des islamistes qui l’ont interrogé sur ses activités, et en particulier sur les relations qu’ils l’accusaient d’avoir avec les Américains. A la fin de cet interrogatoire, un de ses ravisseurs a pris un poignard, et le plaçant sous la gorge de l’évèque, lui a demandé quelles étaient ses dernières volontés. Mgr Casmoussa, a répondu avec le plus grand sang froid : "Que mon sang contribue à rétablir la paix en Irak, et à rapprocher les Irakiens. Je n’ai rien à me reprocher, je n’ai pas trahi mon peuple, je n’ai pas de relations avec les Américains".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Impressionnés par son calme et ses déclarations, les militants islamistes auraient alors décidé d’épargner leur otage, et de le relâcher, en lui disant : "On ne savait pas que vous étiez aussi important". La campagne internationale pour la libération de Mgr Casmoussa, en particulier auprès de certains dignitaires musulmans en Syrie et au Liban, avait fait son oeuvre. Et aussi, selon certaines sources, le versement d’une rançon -- ce que nient les responsables chrétiens irakiens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Malgré sa fin heureuse, l’odyssée de l’évèque de Mossoul a été "un véritable choc" pour les chrétiens irakiens, et en particulier pour les chrétiens du Kurdistan. Et Diler, consultant pour une ONG d’Ain Kaoua, résume l’opinion générale en disant : "Avant, les attentats visaient indiscriminément tout le monde -- on avait une crise générale. Mais quand ils enlèvent un évèque, le message est clair : c’est nous, les chrétiens, qui sommes visés".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Philippe, son oncle, fait partie de cette minorité de chrétiens de Bagdad et de Mossoul qui ont décidé de rester en Irak, et de s’installer au Kurdistan, dont beaucoup sont originaires, et où ils ont de la famille qui peut les accueillir, à Dohok, Amadia, Erbil ou Souleimania. Mais la plupart sont convaincus que le Kurdistan irakien connaîtra le sort du reste de l’Irak, et "que ce qui arrive aujourd’hui à Bagdad arrivera demain au Kurdistan". Et ils émigrent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tout en le regrettant, Mgr Raban, évèque d’Amadia, qui administre aussi le diocèse d’Erbil depuis le décès de l’évèque titulaire début janvier, affirme qu’on "ne peut rien faire pour arrêter l’émigration. On ne peut pas blamer ces gens : ils en ont assez, ils ont des années et des années sans avenir sous Saddam, et maintenant ils sont confrontés au terrorisme. Ils n’ont pas le choix".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Mais au Kurdistan, conclut Mgr Raban, la situation est totalement différente: A Bagdad et Mossoul, on a affaire à des partisans du Baas, à des voyous, et à des fanatiques musulmans, tout est mélangé. Ici, les mentalités ne sont pas les mêmes, les dirigeants, les chefs kurdes ne sont pas contre les chrétiens, au contraire, ici les Kurdes construisent leur pays, il y a des salaires, il y a un gouvernement, il y a une autorité".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(chris-kutschera,Site Internet de RFI, 1 Février 2005)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112370535383485592?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112370535383485592/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112370535383485592&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112370535383485592'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112370535383485592'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/08/le-kurdistan-dernier-refuge-des.html' title='Le Kurdistan, dernier refuge des Chrétiens d&apos;Irak'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112275463894682490</id><published>2005-07-30T13:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-07-30T13:17:18.960-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Le chemin de Croix du Liban dans les geôles syriennes</title><content type='html'>Le chemin de Croix du Liban dans les geôles syriennes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Témoignage d'un prisonnier libanais après sa libération&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Je suis un citoyen libanais de Beyrouth, emprisonné en 1991 par l'armée syrienne d'occupation. J'ai passé cinq années dans la prison syrienne de Mazzé. J'écris ce qui suit en témoignage à l'intention des opinions publiques libanaise, arabe et mondiale, afin qu'elles sachent ce que les Libanais souffrent de la part de l'occupation syrienne: répression sauvage et Terreur sans pareille, sauf peut-être dans les prisons des régimes nazis et de la Terreur fasciste.&lt;br /&gt;Je voudrais que ce témoignage trouve son chemin dans les médias libanais, arabes et internationaux et dans les chancelleries et Organisations non gouvernementales, afin de les inciter à se mobiliser pour la libération de centaines de prisonniers libanais qui souffrent quotidiennement dans les geôles syriennes pour avoir réclamé la liberté, l'indépendance et la souveraineté du Liban.&lt;br /&gt;Je voudrais aussi que les leaders du monde libre reçoivent ce témoignage, qui leur permettra d'agir pour la libération des détenus libanais en Syrie, et surtout, pour la fin de l'occupation syrienne qui étouffe le Liban et son peuple malheureux, sur lequel règne une organisation de collaborateurs qui travaillent avec la Syrie contre leur propre peuple.&lt;br /&gt;Les lecteurs me pardonneront de ne pas révéler mon nom: je continue à vivre au Liban, et je ne veux pas être l'objet de représailles et d'une nouvelle détention, voire avoir ma "peau écorchée", comme m'en a menacé le chef des Services secrets syriens (Moukhabarat) au Liban, le général Ghazi Kanaan, avant ma libération.&lt;br /&gt;Mon calvaire commença alors que j'allais à mon travail dans ma voiture personnelle. Je me suis arrêté devant mon bureau, et un groupe d'hommes armés de fusils d'assaut kalachnikovs m'ont entouré en disant : « Ne bouge pas, nous sommes des hommes des Moukhabarat syriennes, et tu es notre prisonnier. »&lt;br /&gt;A peine leur chef avait-il terminé ses mots, que deux d'entre eux s'avancèrent très vite vers moi, couvrirent ma tête d'un sac noir et me mirent des menottes, avant de me jeter dans le coffre de la voiture, qui s'élança à toute vitesse.&lt;br /&gt;Je me demandai ce qu'ils pouvaient bien vouloir à un homme comme moi, soldat retraité de l'armée libanaise depuis environ deux ans, et qui ne se mêle plus d'affaires militaires: tout ce dont je faisais partie était une association locale pour le développement de notre région et l'amélioration de son niveau de vie. Quant à mes opinions politiques, j'étais un opposant à l'occupation syrienne de notre pays, comme la plupart des Libanais. De plus j'étais un militant dans les rangs des partisans du général Michel Aoun dans les deux régions du Metn. &lt;br /&gt;La réponse ne tarda pas à me parvenir quand la voiture s'arrêta et que les hommes armés me sortirent du coffre et me poussèrent, mes mains liées et le sac couvrant toujours ma tête, dans un long escalier qui menait à un cachot souterrain, humide et sentant le moisi. En sentant aussi l'odeur de la mer, je compris que j'étais dans la prison de l'hôtel Beau Rivage, dont j'avais beaucoup entendu parler, et dont les Syriens ont fait leur prison principale à Beyrouth, et le quartier général de leurs Moukhabarat, sous la direction du colonel Roustom Ghazalé et de ses aides.&lt;br /&gt;Les gifles, les coups de pied, les insultes ne s'arrêtèrent pas, depuis le moment où on me sortit du coffre de la voiture jusqu'au moment où on me plaça dans le cachot minuscule (1,50 m. de long par 80 cm. de large). Et ils répétaient tout le temps des jurons libanais mais prononcés à la syrienne : « Nous allons baiser le plus grand Libanais. Le plus grand Libanais sous notre botte. Pour qui vous prenez-vous, bande de putains, pour vous opposer à nous ? » ainsi que d'autres jurons qui donnent la chair de poule.&lt;br /&gt;Puis ils me jetèrent dans le cachot sombre qui ressemblait plutôt à une tombe. J'y passai deux heures, puis la porte s'ouvrit, et des bourreaux entrèrent, me remirent le sac sur la tête et me poussèrent dans le passage étroit entre les cachots, et de nouveau dans l'escalier pour atteindre la chambre d'enquête. Là, ils me firent asseoir sur une chaise métallique spéciale pour les interrogatoires et reprirent leurs jurons, cette fois à l'encontre d'éminents Libanais, dont le Patriarche maronite, qu'ils traitèrent d'idiot sénile. En fait, ils ne laissèrent pas une personnalité chrétienne sans l'insulter en abondance, disant : « Putains, vous ne voulez pas les Syriens? Nous ferons votre affaire : par Dieu, on vous écorchera vifs... » &lt;br /&gt;L'entrée de quelques responsables provoqua ensuite le silence dans la chambre. J'avais su qu'ils étaient des responsables parce que les bourreaux, en les adressant, disaient : « Sidna » (seigneur).&lt;br /&gt;Les bourreaux me déshabillèrent (ou plutôt déchirèrent mes habits) sans ôter le sac de ma tête ni les menottes de mes mains. Puis ils versèrent sur moi de l'eau très froide, me donnèrent des coups de poing et me frappèrent avec des bâtons, à tel point que je n'arrivais plus à compter les coups . Le sang coulait de mon nez et de ma bouche. Le sac noir sale ne permettait pas de savoir d'où me venaient les coups: j'étais comme un chat dans un sac.&lt;br /&gt;Leurs questions m'accusaient d'espionner l'armée syrienne au profit d'Israël et pleuvaient sur moi. Et chaque fois que je niais, ils s'emportaient et multipliaient les coups. Ils m'interrogeaient et me ramenaient au cachot tour à tour, et je perdis toute notion de temps et de lieu. Je ne sus que ce manège avait duré trois jours que par mes bourreaux et les enquêteurs, qui me signalèrent que je serais transféré à Anjar pour supplément d'enquête après les trois jours de l'enquête préliminaire de la prison du Beau Rivage.&lt;br /&gt;Ils me mirent dans un camion avec huit autres personnes de diverses régions libanaises. Nos têtes étaient couvertes de sacs et nos mains et pieds liés avec des menottes. Le froid était intense et une pluie épaisse tombait sur Beyrouth. Quand nous réalisâmes que nous étions arrivés à Dahr El-Baydar (le col sur la route de Damas dans la chaîne occidentale), nos membres tremblaient du froid qui augmentait la douleur de nos blessures.&lt;br /&gt;Nous arrivâmes à la prison centrale de Anjar dans la Békaa; c'est celle qui reçoit tous les Libanais venus du Sud, et de Beyrouth, et du Nord, avant de les transporter vers les geôles syriennes.&lt;br /&gt;La prison d'Anjar était à l'origine une écurie confisquée par les Syriens quand ils avaient envahi le Liban: ils l'avaient transformée en pénitencier sans y apporter de changement, à l'exception de la chambre où on ferrait les chevaux; ils aménagèrent en chambre de torture, et l'ornèrent de la plupart des instruments de torture les plus horribles et les plus effrayants du monde. Le pénitencier d'Anjar n'est pas très vaste, parce qu'il est un lieu de rassemblement des détenus comme je l'ai dit, et de là, soit ils sont libérés et rendus à leurs foyers, soit ils sont transférés dans les prisons syriennes de l'épouvante.&lt;br /&gt;Le pénitencier d'Anjar est dirigé personnellement par le chef des Moukhabarat syriennes au Liban, le général Ghazi Kanaan et son adjoint, le commandant Adnan Balloul, surnommé « la Bête féroce », assistés par le chef des bourreaux de Anjar, le lieutenant Sleiman Salamé, qui préside la cohorte des enquêteurs Alaouites toujours assoiffés de sang libanais.&lt;br /&gt;A Anjar, ils nous rangèrent devant un mur et enlevèrent les sacs de nos têtes afin que le général Ghazi Kanaan puisse voir nos visages de près. En effet, il s'approcha de nous, et chaque fois qu'il regardait un visage, il demandait : « Qui est celui-là ? » Un officier des Moukhabarat qui avait une liste, lui répondait : « C'est Untel. »&lt;br /&gt;Kanaan nous passa en revue pendant environ un quart d'heure, puis il nous adressa ce discours politique : « Quiconque dira un mot contre la Syrie, nous écorcherons sa peau (ce mot « écorcher sa peau » est celui que les Syriens emploient le plus souvent). Nous vous expédierons à présent en Syrie où nous poursuivrons notre enquête, et je vous conseille de tout dire pour écourter vos souffrances, sinon vous ne reverrez jamais plus vos parents au Liban... »&lt;br /&gt;Kanaan dit beaucoup de choses, mais je ne me rappelle plus de tout, il y a si longtemps de cela. Je me rappelle seulement qu'un des détenus essaya de répondre, mais un membre des Moukhabarat syriennes le roua de coup avec la crosse de son fusil. Puis ils remirent les sacs sur nos têtes et nous mirent de nouveau sur le camion qui nous transporta en Syrie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;« Qui entre est perdu, et qui sort, renaît .» Tel est le slogan inscrit sur la prison de Mazzé et sur les centres d'enquête des branches palestiniennes des services de renseignements militaires syriens. Cette prison est le centre d'accueil des Libanais. Des milliers d'entre eux y sont entrés, mais leurs traces ont disparu.&lt;br /&gt;Nous étions neuf, venus de diverses régions du Liban, à descendre du camion. On enleva les sacs de nos têtes et on nous rangea en rang, les uns derrière les autres. Nous fûmes reçus par le colonel syrien Mounir Abrass, responsable des renseignements dans la branche de Palestine. Il était entouré d'une vingtaine de soldats portant des bâtons et des fouets qui nous regardaient avec des yeux pleins de haine, comme si nous étions des ennemis de longue date ou des soldats de l'armée israélienne. Quand le camion et sa voiture d'escorte s'en furent, les hommes d'Abrass se mirent en rond autour de nous et se commencèrent à nous battre sans préambule, en criant et insultant: « Nous allons baiser votre honneur. Le plus grand Libanais sous notre botte... » suivi par un long flot de jurons qui montraient une haine immense pour tout ce qui est libanais, et comme si les Libanais étaient des insectes dont il fallait se débarrasser pour la survie de la Syrie et sa gloire...&lt;br /&gt;La séance de coups prit fin et nous nous rassemblâmes dans la cour, le sang coulant de toutes les parties de nos corps. Il faisait nuit et le froid était intense à Damas. « Oh ! je n'oublierai jamais cette nuit de ma vie. » Nous leur invoquions les noms des saints et des prophètes, espérant leur miséricorde, mais sans résultat: les loups féroces montrent plus de miséricorde envers leurs victimes que les bourreaux syriens. Quelques instants plus tard, ils nous arrosèrent de jets d'eau très froide. Peut-être qu'ils voulaient nous laver, je ne sais pas: après des années passées à Mazzé, j'ai appris que c'était là la réception réservée à tout nouveau détenu, surtout quand il s'agit d'un groupe important comme le nôtre.&lt;br /&gt;Puis ils remirent les sacs sur nos têtes pour nous mener aux cachots individuels, situés à 40 m. sous terre, dont les dimensions étaient de 80 cm de large, et 180 cm de long: le détenu ne peut s'y tenir debout. Les portes des cachots sont en fer, et ils y introduisent ce qu'ils appellent « nourriture » par une lucarne que le geôlier ouvre de l'extérieur.&lt;br /&gt;C'est le chef de la branche de la Palestine, le colonel Mazhar Farès et sa troupe, qui ont mené l'enquête avec moi. Ils m'amenaient chaque jour de mon cachot au local d'enquête, avec le sac noir sur ma tête. Dès que je me tenais debout au centre du local, ils enlevaient le sac noir de ma tête, et je trouvais Farès assis sur une chaise fumant un cigare ou sirotant un café, entouré de ses bourreaux. Il commençait généralement ses paroles par un flot abondant de jurons contre les Libanais, nous accusant de collaboration avec Israël. Après cela, les coups pleuvaient sans avertissement.&lt;br /&gt;Il n'y a pas de mots qui puissent décrire ce que j'ai souffert dans la prison syrienne :&lt;br /&gt;Ils m'ont fouetté avec un fouet dit « queue de taureau » qui est un terrible instrument de torture ;&lt;br /&gt;Ils ont arraché les ongles de mes mains et de mes pieds ;&lt;br /&gt;Ils m'ont frappé sur mes organes génitaux et ont introduit des instruments tranchants dans mon anus ;&lt;br /&gt;Ils m'ont donné des chocs électriques sur le nez, les oreilles et la gorge ;&lt;br /&gt;Ils m'ont brûlé avec des cigares et des cigarettes ;&lt;br /&gt;Ils m'ont placé sur la chaise allemande ; &lt;br /&gt;Ils m'ont accroché sur la roue ;&lt;br /&gt;Ils m'ont accroché à un palan durant neuf jours avec le sac sur la tête;&lt;br /&gt;Ils ont mis du sel sur mes plaies, et je criais et je souffrais jusqu'à perdre connaissance. Je reprenais conscience quand ils me réveillaient avec un jet d'eau froide, et alors, ils recommençaient à me frapper de nouveau.&lt;br /&gt;La période d'enquête a duré 150 jours que je passais en solitaire dans mon cachot - ou « tombe », comme l'appellent les détenus. Je mangeais ce qu'on me donnait à la main, comme des animaux qu'on voit dans les films. Je ne savais pas ce qu'on me donnait à manger, mais je savais qu'il y avait des croûtes de pain et quelques olives: c'est ce que j'ai pu en distinguer.&lt;br /&gt;Souvent, exténué, je dormais de longues heures et je faisais mes excréments et j'urinais dans mes habits en loques.&lt;br /&gt;Je n'oublierai jamais le commandant de la prison de Mazzé, le capitaine Bassam Hassan, dont le poids était de 150 kilos, et qui se ruait sur moi comme un fauve pour frapper ce qui restait de mon corps. Ils apprenaient des moyens sophistiqués de torture en regardant les films, comme je l'ai appris plus tard de la bouche d'anciens prisonniers. &lt;br /&gt;Beaucoup de prisonniers libanais sont morts à Mazzé, sous l'effet de la torture infligée par le capitaine Bassam Hassan et ses tortionnaires, au nombre de 14 officiers, desquels je me rappelle Salah Zoghbi, Abdel Razzak Halabi, Bassam Moustapha, Hissam Succar et Mohammad Moufleh, en plus d'une foule d'assistants et de soldats que nous appelions « les Bourreaux ».&lt;br /&gt;Finalement, ils m'obligèrent à signer un procès verbal dont j'ignore le contenu.&lt;br /&gt;Puis ils me permirent de prendre un bain, ils me rasèrent les cheveux et me donnèrent des habits semblables à l'uniforme des soldats syriens. Puis un des bourreaux me dit : « On t'a donné un nouveau nom. Ce sera dorénavant ton nom jusqu'à ta sortie d'ici. Garde toi de prononcer ton vrai nom devant les autres prisonniers. Tu dois complètement l'oublier, sinon on te renverra à la 'tombe'. Compris ? »&lt;br /&gt;Troquer mon nom contre un autre signifiait que je n'existais pas pour les autorités syriennes et que je n'étais jamais entré dans une prison syrienne. C'est d'ailleurs le cas de tous les prisonniers libanais dans les prisons syriennes, dont les parents cherchent en vain à avoir des nouvelles, parce qu'ils n'existent pas sur les listes de détenus. Il faudrait donc obliger les autorités syriennes à révéler leurs véritables noms.&lt;br /&gt;On me transféra ensuite dans un cachot plus grand, avec un nombre de jeunes gens libanais et jordaniens, tous accusés de menace à la sécurité syrienne ! Nous étions environ 25 prisonniers, et le cachot, souterrain, ne faisait pas plus de 12 mètres carrés. En été nous suffoquions à cause de la chaleur et de l'humidité, et en hiver, nous grelottions à cause du froid. Et de temps en temps, ils se rappelaient à notre souvenir avec une séance de torture pour que nous n'oubliions pas.&lt;br /&gt;La nuit dans la prison de Mazzé est vraiment terrifiante, si horrible qu'aucun film d'horreur n'en a jamais présenté de telle: c'est le calme plat, entrecoupé de cris, et même, de hurlements de douleur qui nous coupaient le souffle, à cause des séances de torture électrique ou autre moyens civilisés qu'employaient les Moukhabarat syriennes. Après cela, une nouvelle pause de calme est suivie de hurlements encore plus terribles ! Mon Dieu ! cette nuit ne finira-t-elle pas ? Alors, les prisonniers musulmans scandaient le Allah Akbar à voix basse, et nous, les chrétiens, nous priions Sainte Vierge à voix encore plus basse ! Mon Dieu ! cette nuit ne finira-t-elle pas ?&lt;br /&gt;J'ai appris par la suite que mes parents avaient tenté de parvenir à la prison, après avoir localisé le lieu où j'étais, parce qu'ils avaient soudoyé un officier syrien. Ils se présentèrent à la porte de la prison, mais son directeur, Bassam Hassan, refusa constamment d'admettre la présence d'un seul détenu libanais, tout en cherchant, avec ses assistants, à extorquer de l'argent aux parents avec la collaboration des officiers des Moukhabarat au Liban, à commencer par Ghazi Kanaan, Roustom Ghazalé et Adnan Balloul.&lt;br /&gt;Il y avait environ 150 détenus libanais à Mazzé, et pourtant, nos geôliers refusaient d'admettre la présence d'un seul Libanais. Ils nous obligeaient même à parler avec l'accent syrien pour effacer nos traces.&lt;br /&gt;Il n'y avait pas de service médical dans les geôles syriennes, et pas de procès pour la plupart des détenus. Quant à la cour qui jugeait quelques-uns des Libanais, elle était la « Troisième cour de campagne du corps expéditionnaire syrien occupant le Liban ». Ce qui signifie que l'Armée syrienne appliquait bel et bien la loi martiale à l'encontre des Libanais, malgré ce que le régime collaborateur à Beyrouth prétend de la présence d'un Etat et d'un gouvernement ! Quelle honte !&lt;br /&gt;Notre régime alimentaire consistait en pommes de terre, en olives, en blé concassé et en choux-fleurs tous les jours. Nous passions le temps à pleurer et à raconter des nouvelles de notre pays, et à écouter les récits des nouveaux détenus, et à panser leurs blessures avec de l'eau et les morceaux d'étoffe déchirés des habits que les prisonniers libérés laissaient derrière eux. Les Syriens déserteurs du service militaire qui purgeaient leur peine d'emprisonnement dans l'une des ailes de la prison de Mazzé s'occupaient de notre service. On les appelait les Déserteurs.&lt;br /&gt;Quant aux malades proche de la mort, on les envoyait à l'hôpital Al-Mouassat, qui était proche de la prison où la police militaire montait la garde. Une fois, un des détenus mourut parmi nous après de sévères tortures, parce qu'il était accusé de collaboration avec les Forces libanaises: après une séance de torture à l'électricité, il l'avaient renvoyé au cachot solitaire. Mais ayant constaté qu'il était mourant, ils nous l'avaient ramené au grand cachot alors qu'il était devenu bleu, et que la bave coulait de sa bouche, et que le sang coulait un peu de ses oreilles et de son nez. Nous dîmes aux bourreaux qu'il mourait et que nous ne pouvions rien faire pour lui. Ils nous répondirent : « Qu'il meure, que Dieu ne le ramène pas. Que Dieu n'en ramène aucun ! »&lt;br /&gt;Nous essayâmes de l'aider en utilisant les moyens de réanimation et en le massant et en essuyant son visage avec de l'eau, mais aussi tôt, il commença à haleter, puis, dans un dernier soubresaut, presque inconscient, il nous regarda, nous sourit d'un air triste et mourut. Nous nous mîmes à crier, demandant l'aide de nos geôliers. Et quand nous leur dîmes qu'il était mort, ils se mirent à nous insulter, puis entrèrent et le portèrent à l'hôpital Al-Mouassat, mais il était trop tard. Nous apprîmes par la suite qu'il avait rejoint la longue liste de Libanais enterrés dans les fosses communes proches de la prison de Mazzé, où les Forces spéciales syriennes montent la garde pour empêcher quiconque de s'approcher sans permission spéciale.&lt;br /&gt;Le supplice à la prison de Mazzé n'est rien, comparé avec ceux des prisons de Sabh' Bahrat de Damas, des Services de renseignements de l'Armée de l'air syrienne ou de Palmyre, où on laisse les chiens affamés terroriser les prisonniers, et où les condamnés à mort sont empalés ; ceci, en plus de l'utilisation des serpents et des rats dans les séances de torture, et aussi d'autres moyens qui font se dresser les cheveux sur la tête, comme dans les films d'épouvante. &lt;br /&gt;Parmi les histoires de la prison de Mazzé où j'ai passé cinq ans de ma vie, il y a celle de l'ancien député libanais, le défunt Dr Farid Serhal, qui y a été un invité, quand il fut emprisonné en 1989, ayant été enlevé par les Syriens. En plus des coups légers, ils le forçaient à nettoyer les toilettes et essuyer la terre pour l'humilier, parce qu'il était candidat à la Présidence de la République libanaise, et ils l'appelaient « Le Chien ». &lt;br /&gt;Quant à Boutros Khawand, il se trouve dans l'aile 601 de la prison de Mazzé. Il est devenu de la peau sur les os à force d'humiliation et de torture.&lt;br /&gt;Je n'oublierai jamais la torture que les bourreaux syriens infligèrent à un jeune soldat libanais accusé d'avoir milité contre l'occupation syrienne : ils le crucifièrent sur une grande croix de bois - parce qu'il était chrétien - comme a dit le commandant de la prison, Bassam Hassan, puis ils le forcèrent à marcher en rond en le rouant de coups, comme s'il était un cheval, puis ils fixèrent la croix avec un palan et le laissèrent là, pendant neuf jours au soleil. Il saignait de la bouche, des oreilles et de partout.&lt;br /&gt;Et quand Bassel El-Assad est mort, nos tortionnaires se jetèrent sur nous comme des taureaux en fureur, ils nous battirent et nous laissèrent sans manger durant une semaine parce qu'ils avaient cru que nous étions contents de sa mort !&lt;br /&gt;Après cinq années passées en prison sans jugement comme tous les Libanais détenus là, les Syriens, répondant aux interventions amies, décidèrent de me libérer. Ils me transportèrent dans un camion à Anjar, où je m'assis par terre en attendant l'arrivée du général Ghazi Kanaan qui me déclara en arrivant : « J'espère que tu as appris la leçon, et je te préviens que la prochaine fois je broierai ta chair et tes os, et il faut que tu saches, toi et ceux qui sont derrière toi, que vous vivrez toujours sous notre botte, et quoique vous fassiez, votre destinée c'est la Syrie. »&lt;br /&gt;Ils me transférèrent ensuite à la prison de Anjar où Adnan Balloul et ses bourreaux me reçurent avec une passe de coups d'adieu en attendant de me livrer aux services de renseignement libanais, qui leur sont soumis. Et de nouveau, tous les spectacles de torture durant cinq années ne leur ayant pas suffi, ils me battirent avec sauvagerie. Je n'oublierai jamais la vue du chef des tortionnaires de Anjar, le capitaine Sleimane Salamé: tous ceux qui ont passé par cette prison sont d'accord pour dire que c'est l'homme le plus brutal sur terre.&lt;br /&gt;Les agents des services de renseignement libanais collaborateurs me reçurent à dix heures du soir. Le chef du service d'enquête au centre d'arrêt du Ministère libanais de la défense, Imad Kaakour, m'a immédiatement roué de coups, en guise d'effectuer une enquête. Je lui dis : « Cinq années de torture en Syrie, ne suffisent-elles pas ? Que veux-tu encore de moi ? J'ai oublié comment on parle la langue libanaise, j'ai même oublié les noms de mes parents, Que veux-tu encore de moi ? »&lt;br /&gt;Mes paroles ne servirent à rien, car il voulait me frapper et il voulait établir un procès-verbal d'enquête pour le présenter à son supérieur, le collaborateur Jamil Es-Sayyed. Ils me forcèrent donc à apposer mon empreinte digitale sur une feuille vierge, puis me transférèrent à la prison de la Police militaire du Palais Noura, où j'ai passé trois jours avant qu'un politicien collaborateur de la Syrie n'intervienne pour leur dire : « Cinq années en Syrie suffisent pour le discipliner. Que voulez-vous encore ? Il n'est plus que l'ombre d'un homme... »&lt;br /&gt;Et ainsi je fus libéré.&lt;br /&gt;Il me reste à signaler que le criminel rescapé de la prison de Roumié, Hussein Taliss, accusé du meurtre de l'attaché militaire français à Hazmié, de l'attentat contre le Président Camille Chamoun et de l'explosion de dizaines de voitures piégées à Beyrouth-Est, est un des principaux enquêteurs à Mazzé, et qu'il est l'enquêteur qui s'occupe des prisonniers libanais. Il est enrôlé dans les Moukhabarat syriennes, section Liban et est préposé à l'exécution des grandes opérations de sécurité syrienne au Liban. On dit qu'il est derrière de nombreux crimes. Il vit à Damas avec sa famille dans le quartier Abou Remmané, sous un nom d'emprunt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lettre de la prison de Mazzé,&lt;br /&gt;Témoignage du journaliste syrien Nizar Nayyouf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nous publions le passage suivant de la lettre du journaliste syrien Nizar Nayyouf au Comité de la commémoration par l'UNESCO du Jour de la presse mondiale à l'occasion de son obtention du Prix international de la liberté de la presse :&lt;br /&gt;« Une des plus graves séquelles de la guerre criminelle libanaise est le drame de la disparition de plus de 18,ooo citoyens libanais, dont le sort est encore inconnu de leurs parents. Mais ce que personne ne sait et que je vais révéler maintenant à l'opinion publique pour la première fois, c'est qu'une grande partie de ces disparus sont devenus des squelettes dans les fosses communes syriennes mentionnées plus haut. (En particulier dans la campagne autour de Damas et dans les Mohafazat de Homs, Hama et Idlib. Cependant celle de la prison de Palmyre est la plus terrible et la plus vaste puisqu'elle contient environ 20 mille squelettes de prisonniers exécutés dans ladite prison, sous les ordres de Rifaat Assad et du commandant de la prison de Palmyre, le colonel Faiçal Ghanem.) La plupart des Libanais kidnappés vers la Syrie par les services syriens, soit environ 2800, sont devenus des squelettes, froidement exécutés sous diverses accusations se rapportant à la résistance contre les Syriens... Je prie le Secrétaire général de l'ONU, M. Koffi Annan, et de la responsable du dossier des Droits de l'homme, dont je sais qu'ils sont dans cette salle, de nommer immédiatement une Commission d'enquête internationale, conformément aux clause de la Convention de Genève, pour instruire ce fait avant que les Moukhabarat syriennes ne parviennent à effacer les traces de ces fosses communes, ce qu'ils ont effectivement commencé à faire. De même, je prie la Justice libanaise et ses procureurs, en particulier sous le régime du noble et droit Président Emile Lahoud, d'intervenir... »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La prison militaire de Mazzé&lt;br /&gt;Damas, Syrie&lt;br /&gt;1er mai, 2000.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112275463894682490?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112275463894682490/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112275463894682490&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275463894682490'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275463894682490'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/07/le-chemin-de-croix-du-liban-dans-les.html' title='Le chemin de Croix du Liban dans les geôles syriennes'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112275420109829929</id><published>2005-07-30T12:36:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-07-30T13:10:56.000-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Testimony of a liberated Lebanese prisoner.</title><content type='html'>The way to Golgotha, from Lebanon to the Syrian prisons&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Testimony of a liberated Lebanese prisoner.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am a Lebanese citizen born in Beirut, arrested by the Syrian occupation forces in 1991. I spent five years in the Syrian Mazzeh prison. Hereunder is my testimony to the Lebanese, Arab and international public opinions in order to reveal what the Lebanese face in brutal coercion and terrorism unequaled even in the worst films of terror and the nazi and fascist concentration camps.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I hope this testimony will find its way to the Lebanese, Arab and international media in order to spur international organizations and Ministries of Foreign Affairs to intervene and liberate the hundreds of Lebanese prisoners subject to daily torture in the Syrian prisons only because they demand Lebanon's freedom, independence and sovereignty.I also hope the leaders of the Free World will read my testimony and that it will prompt them to intervene for the liberation of Lebanese political prisoners in Syria and ending the Syrian occupation of Lebanon and the removal of its yoke from his people in distress who are governed by a gang of yes-men under Syrian control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My readers will forgive me for not revealing my name because I am still living in Lebanon and wish to avoid being arrested again and "skinned alive", as Ghazi Kanaan, the chief of the Syrian Mokhabarat (Secret Service) in Lebanon, threatened me before liberating me.My way to Golgotha began as I was going to work in my private car. When I left the car before my office, a bunch of armed men surrounded me pointing their Kalashnikovs to my face. They introduced themselves saying: "Don't move or say anything. We are from the Syrian Mokhabarat and you are under arrest." No sooner had their chief stopped speaking than two of his men rushed upon me and placed a black bag over my head and handcuffed me.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They then threw me in the trunk of the car and sped away.I took to wonder what they wanted from me, a retired soldier from the Lebanese Army since about two years with no military activity since then,except being a member of a local society for the promotion of our region and the living conditions of its inhabitants. As for my political inclinations they consist in opposing Syrian occupation to our country, as is the case of most of my countrymen. I am also active as a partisan of General Michel Aoun in the two Metn districts. I soon got my answer, since the car stopped and my kidnappers retrieved me from the trunk of the car and pushed me, handcuffed and my head still in the black bag, down a long stairs to a moist and mouldy underground cell, where I could smell the sea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I immediately realized that I was detained in the notorious Hotel Beau Rivage, transformed by the Syrian Mokhabarat into a Beirut central prison and Mokhabarat Head Quarters, headed by Colonel Rustom Ghazaleh and his henchmen. The blows, kicks and curses did not stop since I was retrieved from the car and until I reached the black cell measuring 1.50 cm long by 80 cm wide.They hollered all the way curses on the Lebanese, saying in the Syrian accent: "We want to fuck the greatest Lebanese. The greatest Lebanese is no better than my shoe. Who do you think you prostitutes are to oppose us?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As well as other hair raising curses. They then threw me in the cell that is more like a tomb. A couple of hours later, the door opened and the henchmen came in, put the black bag again over my head and pushed me before them through the corridor separating the cells up to the inquisition room, where they sat me on a metal chair specially designed for the inquest. They cursed the Lebanese and the Maronite Patriarch Mar Nasrallah Sfeir, saying he was senile and stupid. They left no Christian leader without cursing him, saying: "You, prostitutes, do not want the Syrians? We shall settle accounts with you!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By God, we shall skin you alive?"A little later, silence fell in the room upon the entry of some higher-ranking elements as I inferred from the henchmen who addressed them as "sir".The henchmen undressed - or rather tore off my clothes - while I was still handcuffed and the black bag over my head. Thereupon, they showered me with very cold water and fell upon me, boxing and beating me with batons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bleeding from my nose and mouth, I couldn't count the blows I received, and I couldn't see where the as absolutely opaque. I felt like a cat in a bag.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Accusations of gathering information on the Syrian Army in my region on behalf of Israel fell upon me from all sides. And every time I denied the accusations, they rotation between interrogation and return to the cell continued until I lost all sense of space and time. I learned that this lasted for three days from my torturers and the investigators when they informed me that preliminary investigation in the "Beau Rivage prison". We were a group of nine detainees from various Lebanese regions when we were placed on a truck, our heads in bags, handcuffed and with our feet tied. The cold was intense and it was raining heavily as we left Beirut. We knew that we had reached Dahr El-Baydar - the pass in the western mountain chain separating the coast from the Beqaa - when our tortured members shivered from cold and the pain in our open wounds. We reached the Anjar penitentiary in the Beqaa valley, which is the central penitentiary upon which are sent detainees from Beirut, the South, the Mountain and the North, before transferring them to Syrian prisons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Originally, the Anjar prison was a stable for horses that was requisitioned by the Syrians upon invading Lebanon and transformed into a vast prison without alteration other than converting the horseshoeing room into a torture chamber, fitted with the most sophisticated instruments of torture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Anjar prison is not very large because it serves only, as I already said, a grouping center for the detainees who were either liberated and returned home, or transferred to the prisons of terror inside Syria. The chief of Syrian military intelligence, General Ghazi Kanaan commands personally the Anjar prison, his assistant is General Adnan Balloul, nicknamed the "Beast".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He is seconded by Lieutenant Sleiman Salameh who commands the Alaouite investigation team who are constantly thirsty for Lebanese blood. In Anjar, they lined us up before a wall and removed the bags from our heads in order to enable General Ghazi Kanaan to examine our faces closely. He did in fact come up to us and looked at each of us individually, asking: "Who is this one?" A Moukhabarat officer, carrying a list gave our name. Kanaan passed us in review for about a quarter of an hour before pronouncing a political speech saying: "Anyone in Lebanon who speaks a word against Syria shall be skinned alive [the words skin alive are the most used by the Syrians against the Lebanese]. We shall transfer you forthwith to Syria where we shall see what you know, and I advise you to tell us everything, thereby saving yourselves suffering. Otherwise, you will never return to your relatives in Lebanon again?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kanaan made a long speech of which I don't remember much since it was such a long time ago. I remember that one of the detainees tried to speak, but one of the Moukhabarat henchmen fell upon him hitting him with the haft of his gun. They covered our heads again with bags and put us back in a truck on our way to Syria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Whoever enters is lost, and whoever leaves is reborn" is the slogan written at the entrance of the Mazzeh prison, or of the Palestinian investigation branch affiliated to the Syrian Army secret service. This prison is the reception center entered by thousands of Lebanese who were unheard of since. We were nine in number coming from various Lebanese regions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They brought us down from the truck and removed the bags from our heads and lined us up.In the prison courtyard, the Syrian colonel Munir Abrass, head of investigation in the Palestinian branch, received us. About 20 soldiers carrying batons and whips that stared at us with eyes gleaming with hatred surrounded him, as if we were enemies since a long time or Israeli soldiers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the truck and its escorting Moukhabarat car left, the soldiers of Abrass surrounded us and started beating us without preliminaries while cursing us and shouting: "We shall fuck you and crush the biggest head under our shoe?" followed by a long series of curses denoting a latent hatred for everything Lebanese. It was as if they regarded the Lebanese as insects that must be eradicated for the welfare of Syria and its glory?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The round of beating stopped and we huddled together, bleeding from every part of our bodies. It was already night in Damascus and very cold. I will never forget that night all my life. We were praying all the saints and prophets for mercy, but there was only deaf ears. Voracious wolves are more merciful to their game than the Syrian torturers. A few moments later, they turned upon us jets of ice-cold water. I don't know if their intention was to wash us up. At any rate, after years spent in the Mazzeh prison I found out that this was the standard procedure of receiving prisoners, especially if they were an important bunch like us. They put the bags again over our heads and transferred us to solitary cells that are very dark rooms, some 40 meters underground of I believe 80 cm. width by 180 cm. long in which the detainee cannot stand. Its door was of iron with a small window opening from the exterior through which the jailer presented us what they called "food".General Mazhar Fares, the chief of the Palestine section and his henchmen were responsible for questioning me.&lt;br /&gt;They used to transfer me daily from the solitary cell to the investigation room with the black bag over my head. When I reached the middle of the room the bag was removed and I could see Fares sitting on a chair smoking a cigar or drinking a cup of coffee with the henchmen standing all around him. He usually started his investigation with a flow of curses against the Lebanese and accused us of collaborating with Israel, after which the beating would start without other preliminaries. Words cannot fully represent what I suffered in the Syrian jail: They whipped me and flogged me with a scourge that is a terrible instrument of torture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They pulled out my fingernails and my toenails.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They beat me on my genitals and impaled me with sharp instruments.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They applied electric shocks to my nose, my ears and my throat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They burned me with cigars and cigarettes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They sat me on the German chair (sic!).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They hanged me on a wheel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They hanged me for nine days by a "ghost" winch with the black bag over my head.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They placed salt on my wounds until I shrieked and fainted from pain and was awakened by a jet of water, after which they resumed the beating. I spent the 150 days of investigation in the solitary cell, or "tomb" as the prisoners called it, during which I ate what was given me with my bare hands like an animal as shown in films. I never knew what I ate except that I could distinguish bread crumbs and a few olives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Often, extenuated from suffering I slept long hours on end and stooled and urinated in what was left of my clothes.&lt;br /&gt;I will never forget the commandant of the Mazzeh prison, Captain Bassam Hassan; weighing about 150 kgs he would pounce like a wolf, thrashing at what was left of me. Prisoners later told me that he used to seek inspiration for new ways of torture from horror films he saw. Many Lebanese detainees died in Mazzeh under the torture inflicted by Captain Bassam Hassan and his henchmen composed of 14 officers, of whom I still remember Salah Zoghbi, Abdul Razzak Halabi, Bassam Mustapha, Housam Succar and Mohamad Mufleh and a host of assistants and soldiers we called "torturers".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thereupon, they made me sign a document I did not know its contents. They then allowed me to bathe. After which they shaved my hair and gave me clothes similar to a Syrian soldier's uniform. Then one of the torturers told me: "We have given you a new name? This, henceforth, will be your name until you leave here. Take good care not to pronounce your true name before the other prisoners. You must forget it completely. Otherwise, we shall return you to the "tomb". Understand? Giving me a new name would mean, as far as the Syrian authorities are concerned, that I am not present and never entered a Syrian jail. And this is the situation of every Lebanese prisoner in Syrian jails&lt;br /&gt;whose their parents ask about them in vain, since their names are not found on the prison registers. It is necessary to oblige the Syrian authorities to reveal all the true names. They transferred me to a large prison cell containing a number of Lebanese and Jordanian young men, all accused of endangering Syrian security!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We were about 25 prisoners in an underground cell of an area not exceeding 12 meters square. In summer we used to stifle from the heat and humidity, and in winter we froze from the cold. Every now and then, they used to administer to us, as a reminder, a round of beating.Night in the Mazzeh prison was absolutely frightful and worse than in any horror film: calm, then shrieks, even howls of pain from electric shocks or other "civilized" means, specialty of the Syrian Mokhabarat, that cut your breath. Then calm again, followed with worse shrieks and howls! Oh God will this night never end! The Muslim prisoners would whisper Allah akbar, while we, the Christians, would murmur prayers to the Holy Virgin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oh God will this night never end! I later learned that my parents tried to contact me in jail after having localized me by bribing a Syrian officer. They came to the prison door but Bassam Hassan, its commandant resolutely denied the presence of any Lebanese in his prison.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But this did not prevent him, along with other Syrian Mokhabarat officers in Lebanon, headed by Ghazi Kanaan, Rustom Ghazaleh and Adnan Balloul from blackmailing the parents of the prisoners. We were about 150 Lebanese detained in the Mazzeh prison, yet they constantly refused to admit the presence of any Lebanese. They even forced us to speak with a Syrian accent in order to erase our trace.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There was no medical assistance in the Syrian jails or trials for most of the detainees. As for the tribunal Lebanese, not all, it was the "Third Field Court of the Syrian troops in Lebanon". This means that the Syrian Army was effectively imposing martial law against the Lebanese despite the claim of the dummy regime in Beirut that they form an authority, a State and a government.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shame!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As for our food, the daily menu consisted of potatoes, olives, burgul (broken wheat), cauliflower. We used to spend our time in weeping and telling stories of our countries and hearing news from freshly arriving prisoners, while we dressed their wounds with water and rags from the clothes left behind by departing inmates. The Syrian fugitives from military service spending part of their sentences in one of the wings of the Mazzeh prison were charged with our service. We used to call them the "fugitives".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The prisoners who were at the point of death were sent to the Al-Mouassat hospital that was close to the jail. There, the Military Police stood guard over them. Once, one of the young men detained among us, accused of being a partisan of the "Lebanese Forces" was severely tortured by electric shock and returned to solitary confinement, but when signs of death were apparent on him, they returned him to our midst in the large cell. His skin was bluish, his mouth was frothy and blood was oozing from his ears and nose. We told our jailers that he was dying and there was nothing we could do for him. They answered: "Let him die, the devil take him. May you all die!" We tried artificial respiration on him and wiping his face with water. His respiration soon became rapid, he began to gasp then, practically unconscious, he looked at our faces, smiled a sad smile and passed away. We began to shout for help from the jailers. But when we told them that he died, they cursed us, then came in and carried him away to the Al-Mouassat hospital when it was too late.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We later learned that he joined a long list of Lebanese buried in mass graves in the vicinity of the Mazzeh prison guarded by the Syrian Special Forces to prevent anyone from approaching without special permission. Nevertheless, the suffering in the Mazzeh prison is nothing compared with the "Sab' Bahrat" (Seven Seas) prison in Damascus held by the Moukhabarat of the Syrian Air Force, or with the prison of Palmyra where hungry dogs, snakes and rats as well as other hair-raising means worthy of horror films, are used to torment the prisoners. The condemned to death are impaled.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Among the tidings of the Mazzeh prison where I spent five years of my life, there is one regarding the former Lebanese deputy, the late Dr Farid Serhal who was incarcerated when the Syrians abducted him in 1989. In addition to light beatings, they forced him to clean the latrines and sweep the floors in order to humiliate him because he was candidate for the Presidency of the Lebanese Republic. They used to call him "dog".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As for Boutros Khawand, he is incarcerated in ward 601 of the Mazzeh prison. He has become a shadow of himself due to coercion and torture. I will never forget what the jailers did to torture a young soldier of the Lebanese Army accused of military action against the Syrian occupation: He was tied or crucified upon a heavy wooden device in the form of a cross - because he was a Christian as the commander of the prison Bassam Hassan, said - that they tied with ropes and cables then forced him to run in circles, beating him as if he were a horse. Eventually, they raised him with a winch and left him crucified for nine days in the sun. The blood oozed from all his body, including his mouth and ears. And when Bassel Assad died, the torturers pounded us like crazy bulls and left us for a whole week without food because they thought we were pleased with his death!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After spending five years in jail without judgment, as all the Lebanese there, the Syrians decided to liberate me in answer to solicitations in my favor. They brought me in a truck to Anjar where I sat on the floor awaiting the arrival of General Ghazi Kanaan who told me point blank: "I hope you learned your lesson and I warn you that the next time, I will pulverize your flesh and bones. You must learn that you and those who are behind you shall live under our boots for ever and that your destiny is Syria and there is nothing you can do about it!"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thereupon, they transferred me to the Anjar prison where Adnan Balloul and his henchmen received me with a round of farewell beating before handing me over to their puppet Lebanese Secret Service. Then, as if all the beating I had received in five years were not enough, they fell upon me once more, beating me savagely. I will never forget the sight of the chief of the henchmen in Anjar, Colonel Slayman Salameh whom all those who have passed through that prison regard as the most savage person on earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Lebanese Secret Service received me at ten o'clock PM. Upon my arrival, the investigation chief in the prison of the Ministry of Defense, Imad Kaakour, who wanted to interrogate me, started to beat me. I told him: "Are five years of torture in Syrian jails not enough? What more do you want from me? I have forgotten to speak Lebanese. I have forgotten the names of my parents. What more do you want from me?" My words fell on deaf ears. He was bent on beating me and on establishing an investigation official report to present to his chief, Jamil Sayed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They forced me to fingerprint a blank paper, then transferred me to the Military Police jail in the Noura Palace, where I spent three days before one of the pro-Syrian politicians intervened, telling them that five years are enough to teach him, what more do you want from him? He has become the shadow of a man! And so was I liberated?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I still have to say that Hussein Taliss, the criminal who escaped from the Roumieh prison, accused of the murder of the French Military Attaché and of the attempt on the life of President Camille Chamoun in addition to the explosion of tens of booby trapped cars in East Beirut during the war, is at present one of the top investigators in the Mazzeh prison, in charge of the investigation with Lebanese prisoners. He is and is active in the Syrian Moukhabarat, Lebanese section, on major security operations in Lebanon. It is said that he is responsible of many crimes. He resides with his family under a false identity in the Abou Remmaneh quarter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note from &lt;strong&gt;Rememinscor&lt;/strong&gt;: Kanaan later became the interior minister of Syria and Rustom Ghazalé took his position of head of the Moukhabarat (secret police) in Lebanon. Anjar and Beau Rivage were evacuated in 2005 following the cedar revolution. The journalists who visited them shortly after found torture instruments.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;They also stole hundres of millions from the Lebanese people.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112275420109829929?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112275420109829929/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112275420109829929&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275420109829929'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275420109829929'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/07/testimony-of-liberated-lebanese.html' title='Testimony of a liberated Lebanese prisoner.'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112275217694356386</id><published>2005-07-30T12:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-07-30T12:36:16.953-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Massacre and Destruction of Damour</title><content type='html'>&lt;em&gt;Quoted from J. Becker "The PLO"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Massacre and Destruction of Damour&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Damour lay across the Sidon - Beirut highway about 20 km south of Beirut on the slopes of a foothill of the Lebanon range. On the other side of the road, beyond a flat stretch of coast, is the sea. It was a town of some 25,000 people, containing five churches, three chapels, seven schools, private and public, and one public hospital where Muslims from near by villages were treated along with the Christians, at the expense of the town.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On 9 January 1976, three days after Epiphany, the priest of Damour Father Mansour Labaky, was carrying out a Maronite custom of blessing the houses with holy water. As he stood in front of a house on the side of the town next to the Muslim village of Harat Na’ami, a bullet whistled past his ear and hit the house. Then he heard the rattle of machine-guns. He went inside the house, and soon learned that the town was surrounded. Later he found out by whom and how many — the forces of Sa’iqa, consisting of 16,000 Palestinians and Syrians, and units of the Mourabitoun and some fifteen other militias, reinforced by mercenaries from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and a contingent of Libyans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Father Labaky telephoned the Muslim sheikh of the district and asked him, as a fellow religious leader, what he could do to help the people of the town. ‘I can do nothing,’ he was told ‘They want to harm you. It is the Palestinians. I cannot stop them.'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the shooting and some shelling went on all day, Father Labaky telephoned a long list of people, politicians of both the Left and the Right, asking for help. They all said with apologies and commiserations that they could do nothing. Then he telephoned Kamal Jumblatt, in whose parliamentary constituency Damour lay. ‘Father,’ Jumblatt said, ‘I can do nothing for you, because it depends on Yasser Arafat.’ He gave Arafat’s phone number to the priest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An aide answered, and when he would not call Arafat himself, Father Labaky told him, ‘The Palestinians are shelling and shooting at my town. I can assure you as a religious leader, we do not want the war, we do not believe in violence.’ He added that nearly half the people of Damour had voted for Kamal Jumblatt, ‘who is backing you,’ he reminded the PLO man. The reply was, ‘Father, don’t worry. We don’t want to harm you. If we are destroying you it is for strategical reasons.’&lt;br /&gt;Father Labaky did not feel that there was any less cause for worry because the destruction was for strategical reasons, and he persisted in asking for Arafat to call off his fighters. In the end the aide said that they, PLO headquarters, would ‘tell them to stop shooting’.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By then it was eleven o’clock in the evening. As the minutes passed and the shooting still went on, Father Labaky called Jumblatt again on the telephone and told him what Arafat’s aide had said. Jumblatt’s advice was that the priest should keep trying to make contact with Arafat, and call other friends of his, ‘because’, he said, ‘I do not trust him’.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At about half-past eleven the telephone, water and electricity were all cut off. The first invasion of the town came in the hour after midnight, from the side where the priest had been shot at earlier in the day. The Sa’iqa men stormed into the houses. They massacred some fifty people in the one night. Father Labaky heard screaming and went out into the street. Women came running to him in their nightdresses, ‘tearing their hair, and shouting “They are slaughtering us!” The survivors, deserting that end of the town, moved into the area round the next church. The invaders then occupied the part of the town they had taken. Father Labaky describes the scene:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'In the morning I managed to get to the one house despite the shelling to bring out some of the corpses. And I remember something which still frightens me. An entire family had been killed, the Can’an family, four children all dead, and the mother, the father, and the grandfather. The mother was still hugging one of the children. And she was pregnant. The eyes of the children were gone and their limbs were cut off. No legs and no arms. It was awful. We took them away in a banana truck. And who carried the corpses with me? The only survivor, the brother ofthe man. His name is Samir Can’an. He carried with me the remains of his brother, his father, his sister-in-law and the poor children. We buried them in the cemetery, under the shells of the PLO. And while I was burying them, more corpses were found in the street.'&lt;br /&gt;The town tried to defend itself. Two hundred and twenty-five young men, most of them about sixteen years old, armed with hunting guns and none with military training, held out for twelve days. The citizens huddled in basements, with sandbags piled in front of their doors and ground-floor windows. Father Labaky moved from shelter to shelter to visit the families and take them bread and milk. He went often ‘to encourage the young men defending the town’. The relentless pounding the town received resulted in massive damage. In the siege that had been established on 9 January the Palestinians cut off food and water supplies and refused to allow the Red Cross to take out the wounded. Infants and children died of dehydration. Only three more townspeople were killed as a result of PLO fire between the first night and the last day, 23 January. But on that day, when the final onslaught came, hundreds of the Christians were killed. Father Labaky goes on:&lt;br /&gt;'The attack took place from the mountain behind. It was an apocalypse. They were coming, thousands and thousands, shouting ‘Allahu Akbar! God is great! Let us attack them for the Arabs, let us offer a holocaust to Mohammad ‘And they were slaughtering everyone in their path, men, women and children.'&lt;br /&gt;Whole families were killed in their homes. Many women were gang-raped, and few of them left alive afterwards. One woman saved her adolescent daughter from rape by smearing her face with washing blue to make her look repulsive. As the atrocities were perpetrated, the invaders themselves took photographs and later offered the pictures for sale to European newspapers. Survivors testify to what happened. A young girl of sixteen, Soumavya Ghanimeh, witnessed the shooting of her father and brother by two of the invaders, and watched her own home and the other houses in her street being looted and burned. She explained:&lt;br /&gt;'As they were bringing me through the street the houses were burning all about me. They had about ten trucks standing in front of the houses and were piling things into them. I remember how frightened I was of the fire. I was screaming. And for months afterwards I couldn’t bear anyone to strike a match near me. I couldn’t bear the smell of it'.&lt;br /&gt;She and her mother Mariam, and a younger Sister and infant brother, had been saved from being shot in their house when she ran behind one Palestinian for protection from the pointing gun of the other, and cried out ‘Don’t let him kill us!’; and the man accepted the role of protector which the girl had suddenly assigned to him. ‘If you kill them you will have to kill me too,’ he told his comrade. So the four of them were spared, herded along the streets between the burning houses to be put into a truck, and trans-ported to Sabra camp in Beirut. There they were kept in a crowded prison hut. ‘We had to sleep on the ground, and it was bitterly cold.’&lt;br /&gt;When eventually Father Labaky found the charred bodies of the father and brother in the Ghanimeh house ‘you could no longer tell whether they were men or women’.&lt;br /&gt;In a frenzy to destroy their enemies utterly, as if even the absolute limits ofnature could not stop them, the invaders broke open tombs and flung the bones of the dead into the streets.Those who escaped from the first attack tried to flee by any means they could, with cars, carts, cycles and motorbikes. Some went on foot to the seashore to try to get away in boats. But the sea was rough and the wait for rescue was long, while they knew their enemies might fall upon them at any moment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some 500 gathered in the Church of St Elias. Father Labaky went there at six in the morning when the tumult of the attack awakened him. He preached a sermon on the meaning of the slaughter of innocents. And he told them candidly that he did not know what to tell them to do. ‘If I say flee to the sea, you may be killed. If I say stay here, you may be killed.’&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An old man suggested that they raise a white flag. ‘Perhaps if we surrender they may spare us.' Father Labaky gave him his surplice. He put it on the processional cross and stood it in front of the church. Ten minutes later there was a knock on the door, three quick raps, then three lots of three. They were petrified. Father Labaky said that he would go and see who was there. If it was the enemy, they might spare them. ‘But if they kill us, at least we shall die all together and we’ll have a nice parish in Heaven, 500 persons, and no check points!’ They laughed, and the priest went to the door.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was not the enemy but two men of Damour who had fled the town and had seen the white flag from the seashore. They had come back to warn them that it would not help to raise a flag. ‘We raised a flag in front of Our Lady, and they shot at us.’&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Again they discussed what could be done. The priest told them that one thing they must do, although it was ‘impossible’, was to pray for the forgiveness of those who were coming to kill them. As they prayed, two of the young defenders of the town who had also seen the flag walked in and said, ‘Run to the seashore now, and we will cover you.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The two youths stood in front of the church and shot in the direction from which the fedayeen were firing. It took ten minutes for all the people in the church to leave the town. All 500 got away except one old man who said he could not walk and would prefer to die in front of his own house. He was not killed. Father Labaky found him weeks later in a PLO prison, and heard what had happened after they left.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A few minutes after they had gone, ‘the PLO came and bombed the church without entering it. They kicked open the door and threw in the grenades.’ They would all have been killed had they stayed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The priest led his flock along the shore to the palace of Camille Chamoun. But when they got there they found it had already been sacked and partly burnt. They found shelter, however, in the palace of a Muslim, who ‘did not agree with the Palestinians’, and then got into small boats Which took them out to a bigger boat, in which they sailed to Jounieh. ‘One poor woman had to give birth to her baby in the little open boat on the rough winter sea.’&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In all, 582 people were killed in the storming of Damour. Father Labaky went back with the Red Cross to bury them. Many of the bodies had been dismembered, so they had to count the heads to number the dead. Three of the men they found had had their genitals cut off and stuffed into their mouths.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The horror did not end there, the old Christian cemetery was also destroyed, coffins were dug up, the dead robbed, vaults opened, and bodies and skeletons thrown across the grave yard. Damour was then transformed into a stronghold of Fatah and the PFLP (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine). The ruined town became one of the main PLO centres for the promotion of international terrorism. The Church of St Elias was used as a repair garage for PLO vehicles and also as a range for shooting-practice with targets painted on the eastern wall of the nave.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The commander of the combined forces which descended on Damour on 23 January 1976 was Zuhayr Muhsin, chief of al-Sa’iqa, known since then throughout Christian Lebanon as 'the Butcher of Damour'. He was assassinated on 15 July 1979 at Cannes in the South of France.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112275217694356386?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112275217694356386/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112275217694356386&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275217694356386'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275217694356386'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/07/massacre-and-destruction-of-damour.html' title='The Massacre and Destruction of Damour'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112275148592412537</id><published>2005-07-30T12:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-07-30T12:24:45.933-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Le Massacre de Damour</title><content type='html'>Becker, J. (1985). The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization . New York: St. Martin's Press ISBN 0312593791 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damour_massacre&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Damour était un village du Sud Liban, placé sur la route menant de Sidon à Beyrout. De l’autre côté de la route, la mer. C’est, aujourd’hui, un nom oublié des consciences occidentales. Le ministère du tourisme du sud Liban cherche vainement à chanter la gloire de son paysage. Personne ne visite Oradour-sur-Glane pour son paysage. Damour non plus. Mais vous aurez du mal à trouver des images de ces événements : la plupart des photographies d’époque ont été prises par les « combattants » palestiniens eux-mêmes qui étaient fiers de leurs actes et qui les ont rapportés comme des actes de bravoure auprès de leur commandement à Beyrout... Scandale notable aussi des usages et abus des médias, puisque les photographies publiées ont été prises par les bourreaux eux-mêmes, qui se sont ensuite enrichis en les vendant à la presse occidentale. Qui donc a pu témoigner sur ce massacre ? Le Père Labaky, l’un des rares survivants, enfui dans un petit bateau, dont nous vous présentons le témoignage &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Damour était un village, ou plutôt un gros bourg de 25OOO habitants, disposant cinq églises, trois chapelles, sept écoles, publiques et privées, et un hôpital publique où les musulmans des villages voisins étaient soignés côte à côte avec des Chrétiens sur les fonds publiques mêmes de la petite ville.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le 9 janvier 1976, trois jours après l’Epiphanie, le prêtre de Damour, le Père Mansour Labaky procédait à une coûtume maronite consistant à bénir les maisons avec de l’eau bénite. Alors qu’il se tenait debout devant une maison bordant la petite ville du côté du village arabe de Harat Na’ami, une balle siffla à son oreille et entra dans le mur. Une rafale de mitraillette la suivit. Le prêtre entra dans la maison et réalisa que la ville était encerclée. Il apprit rapidement que les forces qui menaçaient Damour étaient celles de Sa’iqa, comprenant 16,000 Palestiniens et Syriens, ainsi que des unités des Mourabitoun et de quelques quinze autres milices, auxquels prêtaient main forte des mercenaires d’Iran, d’Afghanistan, du Pakistan, et un contingent de Libyens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le Père Labaky téléphona au sheikh musulman de sa région et lui demanda, en tant que dirigeant religieux, d’aider la population de Damour : »Je ne peux rien faire », répondit le sheikh, « Ils veulent vous détruire. Ce sont les Palestiniens. je ne peux pas les arrêter. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alors que les tirs continuaient, pendant toute la journée, le Père Labaky appella une longue liste de personnes en leur demandant d’intervenir. Il ne reçut que des mots de sympathie et de commisération, accompagnés d’excuses selon lesquelles «ils ne pouvaient rien faire ». Puis il téléphona à Kamal Jumblatt, qui dirigeait la représentation parlementaire dont dépendait la région de Damour. « Mon Père », lui dit Jumblatt, « je ne peux rien faire pour vous , parce que tout cela dépend de Yasser Arafat. » Il donna au prêtre le numéro de téléphone de Yasser Arafat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un aide de camp de Yasser Arafat répondit, et comme il refusait d’appeller Arafat en personne, le père lui dit alors : « Les Palestiniens sont en train de bombarder et de tirer sur ma ville. Je peux vous affirmer, en tant que leader religieux, que nous ne voulons pas la guerre, et que nous ne croyons pas en la violence. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il ajouta que près de la moitié des gens de Damour avaient voté pour Kamal Jumblatt, « qui vous soutient  », rappella-t-il à l’homme de l’OLP. La réponse qui lui fut donnée fut la suivante : « Mon Père, ne vous inquiétez pas. Nous ne voulons pas vous faire de mal. Si nous vous détruisons, c’est pour des raisons stratégiques.» Le Père Labaky ne fut pas rassuré d’apprendre que la destruction avait lieu pour des raisons stratégiques, et il insista pour parler à Arafat, et pour que celui-ci rappelle ses troupes. L’aide de camp finit par lui dire que les  quartiers généraux de l’OLP allaient donner l’ordre de cesser le feu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais il était déjà onze heures du matin. Les minutes et les heures passaient, et les tirs ne cessaient pas. Le Père Labaky appella de nouveau Jumblatt et lui dit ce que l’aide de camp d’Arafat lui avait répondu. Le conseil de Jumblatt fut de persister à essayer de parler directement à Arafat, et de tenter de contacter d’autres de ses amis personnels, parce que « quant à lui [Arafat] » il « ne lui faisait pas confiance ». A vingt trois heures trente, l’eau, l’électricité et le téléphone étaient coupés. L’invasion de la ville commença à une heure du matin, par le côté du village où le Père Labaky avait reçu les premières balles, le matin même. Les hommes de Sa’iqa se précipitèrent dans les maisons. Ils massacrèrent près de cinquante personnes en une nuit.  Le Père Labaky entendit les hurlements et sortit dans la rue. Des femmes couraient vers lui en chemise de nuit en criant « Ils nous massacrent ». Les survivants, quittant cette partie de la ville, se réfugièrent dans la zone près de l’église. Les attaquants occupèrent alors la partie de la ville qu’ils avaient prise. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le Père Labaky décrit la scène : « Je parvins à entrer dans une des maisons pour aller y chercher les corps au petit matin, malgré les bombardements. Et je me rappelle une chose qui me terrifie encore aujourd’hui. Toute une famille avait été tuée. C’était la famille Can’an, quatre enfants étaient morts, ainsi que la mère, le père, et le grand-père. La mère tenait encore un des enfants dans ses bras. Elle était enceinte. les yeux des enfants avaient été arrachés des orbites, et leurs membres coupés. Ni bras, ni jambes. C’était affreux. Nous les avons emmenés dans un camion. Le seul survivant, le frère du père de famille, Samir Ca’nan, m’aida à rassembler les restes de son frère, sa femme, et de leurs enfants, ainsi que du grand-père. Nous les avons enterrés dans le cimetière sous les coups de mortiers de l’OLP. Et alors que je procédais à cet enterrement, nous trouvions de plus en plus de corps dans les rues... »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La ville tenta de se défendre. Deux cent vingt cinq hommes jeunes, la plupart âgés environ de seize ans, armés de fusils de chasse, et tous dénués de formation militaire, tinrent la ville pendant douze jours. Les villageois se blotissaient dans des caves, avec des sacs de sable empilés devant leurs portes et les fenêtres du rez-de-chaussée. Le Père Labaky passa d’abri en abri pour visiter les familles et leur porter du pain et du lait. Il passa aussi souvent « encourager les jeunes gens qui défendaient la ville. ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le pilonnage incessant de la ville fit d’énormes dégats. Pendant le siège qu’ils établirent le 9 janvier, les Palestiniens coupèrent immédiatement les approvisionnements de la ville en eau et en nourriture, et refusèrent de laisser la Croix Rouge évacuer les blessés. Les bébés et les enfants moururent de déshydratation. Le 23 janvier, lorsque le dernier massacre eut lieu, des centaines de Chrétiens furent tués. Le Père Labaky continue :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'L’attaque eut lieu depuis la montagne qui était derrière. Ce fut une apocalypse. Ils arrivaient, des milliers et des milliers, criant « Allahou Akbar ! Attaquons les pour les Arabes, offrons un holocoste à Mahomet » Et ils massacraient toutes les personnes qu’ils trouvaient sur leur passage, hommes, femmes, et enfants. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Des familles entières furent tuées dans leur demeure. De nombreuses femmes furent violées par des groupes d’hommes, puis tuées ensuite pour la plupart. Une femme sauva sa fille adolescente du viol en lui passant du bleu de lessive sur le visage pour la rendre repoussante. Pendant les atrocités, les assaillants eux-mêmes prirent des photos. qu’ils vendirent ensuite à des journaux européens. Les survivants du massacre témoignèrent. Une jeune fille de seize ans, Soumavya Ghanimeh, assista à l’éxécution de son père et de son frère par deux attaquants, ainsi qu’au pillage de sa maison qui fut ensuite brûlée. Elle témoigne :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  “Alors qu’ils m’emmenaient par les rues, je voyais les maisons brûler autour de moi. Ils avaient des camions devant les maisons et y empilaient des affaires. Je ne me rappelle combien j’étais effrayée par le feu. Je hurlais. Et même des mois après les événements je ne pouvais pas supporter que quelqu’un enflamme une allumette près de moi. Je ne suppportais plus l’odeur de brûlé. » &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elle et sa mère Mariam, ainsi qu’une jeune soeur et un petit frère, furent sauvés de la tuerie dans leur propre maison, parce qu’elle se précipita dérrière un Palestinien pour se protéger de l’arme d’un autre qui la visait déjà, en criant « Ne les laisse pas nous tuer ». L’homme accepta le rôle de protecteur que la jeune fille lui faisait endosser soudainement. Il répondit à son comparse « Si vous les tuez, il faudra aussi me tuer ». C’est ainsi que la jeune fille, sa mère, sa soeur et son frère furent épargnés, entraînés dans les rues entre les maisons en feu, placés dans un camion pour être emmenés au camp de Sabra à Beyrout[4]. Là ils furent gardés dans une prison surpeuplée « Nous devions dormir à même le sol, et il faisait un froid très vif. » Lorsque le père Labaky trouva les corps calcinés du père et du frère de la famille Ghanimeh, il dut se rendre à l’évidence, « on ne pouvait plus savoir s’il s’agissait d’hommes ou de femmes ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dans la frénésie de destruction totale qui les avait saisis, comme si les limites de la Nature ne devaient pas les arrêter, les Palestiniens ouvrirent les tombes, en exhumèrent les ossements des morts qu’ils répandirent dans la rue. Les chrétiens qui échappèrent à la première vague de l’attaque tentèrent de s’échapper avec tous les moyens possibles : des voitures, des charrettes, des vélos, et des motos. Certains s’enfuirent à pied vers la plage pour tenter de s’échapper en bateau. Mais la mer était forte, et l’attente pour des secours fut longue, dans l’angoisse que leurs agresseurs pouvaient fondre sur eux à tout instant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quelques 500 personnes se réfugièrent dans l’église de St Elias. Le père Labaky s’y précipita à six heures du matin, lorsqu’il perçut le tumulte de l’attaque. Il dit candidement aux fidèles rassemblés qu’il se sentait impuissant à leur conseiller que faire. « Si je vous dis de fuir par la mer, vous vous ferez peut-être tuer. Si je vous dis de rester ici, vous serez peut-être tués ici. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un vieil homme suggéra de brandir un drapeau blanc. « Peut-être nous épargneront-ils si nous nous rendons » dit-il. Labaky lui remit son surplis. Il le mit sur une croix de procession et le plaça devant l’église. Dix minutes plus tard, quelqu’un frappa à la porte, trois petits coups, puis trois séries de trois. Les réfugiés étaient pétrifiés. Le père Labaky dit qu’il allait voir qui c’était. Si c’était l’ennemi, peut-être les épargnerait-il. « Mais s’ils nous tuent, au moins nous mourrons ensemble, et nous aurons une belle paroisse au paradis, 500 personnes, et pas de point de contrôle ! » Les assiégés rirent, et le prêtre alla ouvrir la porte. Ce n’était pas l’ennemi, mais deux hommes de Damour qui avaient fui la ville et qui avaient vu le drapeau blanc depuis la plage. Ils étaient revenus pour prévenir les assiégés que cela ne leur servirait à rien. « Nous avons levé un drapeau blanc devant Notre Dame, et ils nous ont mitraillés. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A nouveau, ils discutèrent de ce qui pouvait être entrepris. Le prêtre leur dit qu’ils devraient faire une chose, bien qu’elle leur soit « impossible », prier pour le pardon de ceux qui venaient les tuer. Alors qu’ils étaient en prière, l’un des jeunes défenseurs de la ville qui avait vu le drapeau entra et dit : « courez maintenant jusqu’à la plage, on vous couvre. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les deux jeunes hommes se tinrent devant l’église et tirèrent dans la direction d’où venaient des fedayins. Il fallut dix minutes aux personnes réfugiées dans l’église pour quitter la ville. Les 500 personnes s’enfuirent, sauf un vieil homme qui dit qu’il ne pouvait pas marcher, et qu’il préfèrait mourir devant sa propre maison. Il échappa à la mort. Le père Labaky le trouva des semaines plus tard dans des prisons de l’OLP et entendit ce qui s’était passé après que les survivants soient partis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quelques minutes après qu’ils soient partis, « l’OLP vint et bombarda l’église sans même y entrer. Ils enfonçèrent la porte et jetèrent des grenades à l’intérieur. » Tous aurait été tués s’ils y été restés.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le prêtre mena ses ouailles le long de la plage jusqu’au palais de Camille Chamoun. Mais lorsqu’ils l’attinrent, ils se rendirent compte que la palais avait déjà été pillé et brûlé en partie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ils trouvèrent cependant refuge dans le palais d’un musulman qui « n’était pas d’accord avec les Palestiniens », puis ils s’enfuirent dans de petites embarcations, pour rejoindre ensuite un plus grand navire, qui les mena à Jounieh. « Une pauvre femme dut donner le jour à un bébé sur la mer déchaînée d’hiver, à bord de cette petite embarcation. »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;582 personnes moururent dans le massacre de Damour. Le père Labaky revint avec la Croix Rouge pour les enterrer. Beaucoup des corps avaient été démembrés, de sorte qu’ils durent compter les têtes pour dénombrer les morts. Trois des hommes qu’ils trouvèrent avaient eu leur parties génitales coupées et enfoncées dans leur bouche. L’horreur ne s’arrêtait pas là. Le vieux cimetière chrétien avait été détruit, les cercueils déterrés, les corps dérobés, les cryptes ouvertes, les corps et les squelettes avaient été jetés dans la cour du cimetière. Damour avait été ensuite transformé en forteresse du Fatah et du FPLP (Front de Libération de la Palestine). la ville en ruines devint l’un des centres principaux de l’OLP pour la promotion du terrorisme international. L’église d’Elias servit de garage de réparations pour les véhicules de l’OLP, ainsi que de champ d’exercice de tirs dont les cibles étaient peintes sur le mur oriental de la nef. Le commandant des forces combinées qui attaqua Damour le 23 janvier 1976 était Zuhayr Muhsin, chef de al-Sa’iqa, connu depuis lors dans tout le Liban chrétien sous le nom de « Boucher de Damour ». Il fut assassiné le 15 juillet 1979 à Cannes, en France.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112275148592412537?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112275148592412537/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112275148592412537&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275148592412537'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275148592412537'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/07/le-massacre-de-damour.html' title='Le Massacre de Damour'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112275122854898353</id><published>2005-07-30T12:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-07-30T12:20:28.556-07:00</updated><title type='text'>More Unsolved Mysteries in Lebanon</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;More Unsolved Mysteries in Lebanon - Middle East Intelligence Bulletin - Vol.5 No.1 - January 2003&lt;br /&gt;Gary C. Gambill&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The director-general of Lebanon's General Security Directorate, Brig. Gen. Jamil al-Sayyid, does not appear to have lost any sleep lately. If Lebanon were any other country in the world, one might conclude that the man in charge of the country's principal domestic security agency had a bad year in 2002. Leaving aside the ostensibly natural deaths (such as the sudden heart failure in January of a Christian MP rumored to have dallied with the anti-Syrian opposition), the list of major "unsolved" murders that took place during the first eleven months of last year would have cost even J. Edgar Hoover his job. On January 24, ex-militia chief and former minister Elie Hobeika was killed by a car bomb. On April 20, the grossly disfigured body of Ramzi Irani, the student coordinator of the opposition Lebanese Forces (LF) party, was found in the trunk of his car. On November 21, an American missionary in the southern port of Sidon, Bonnie Penner, was murdered - the first time a US citizen had died from foul play in Lebanon in over ten years. In addition, the culprits who bombed all but one of the major American fast food chains in Lebanon (and evidently have a soft spot for Burger King) have yet to be identified.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The spate of violence kicked into high gear during the first week of December with the killing of an Iraqi dissident, the assassination of a shadowy Lebanese intelligence operative and drug dealer (along with his nephew), and the bombing of a mausoleum near Syrian intelligence headquarters in Anjar. While it is not possible to identify the culprits with any degree of certainty, the circumstances of these three incidents reveal a great deal about why none of them has been deemed worthy of an exhaustive investigation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Death of a Double Agent&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On December 6, a 5-kilogram bomb exploded along the main road between Ibl al-Saqi and Kawkab in south Lebanon and ripped apart a black Mercedes-Benz carrying Ramzi Nohra, a notorious 44-year-old drug smuggler, and his 30 -year-old nephew, Elie Issa, an operative for Lebanese military intelligence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nohra was born in Ibl al-Saqi in 1958 and joined the pro-Iraq wing of the Baath Party as a youth. During the late 1970s, he became an operative for Iraqi intelligence and established himself in the Lebanese drug trade. At some point (it's not entirely clear when), Nohra was arrested by Syrian intelligence and began working for Damascus as a double agent. After Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, he was recruited by both Israeli military intelligence and Israel's Shin Bet security service to provide information about armed Palestinian groups in the country and the radical Shi'ite Hezbollah movement. In exchange, Israeli forces in south Lebanon turned a blind eye to his drug smuggling. Although he was arrested for smuggling hashish into Israel in 1989, he was allowed to serve his three-year jail term at a police station in Tiberias, where he was often seen out and about on the town, having lunch with Israeli friends in the security forces. After serving only two years of his sentence, he was released and returned to Lebanon to resume drug smuggling.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1996, Nohra was recruited by Lebanese military intelligence to abduct Ahmed Hallaq, a Lebanese assassin responsible for the December 1994 killing of Fouad Mughniyah, the brother of Hezbollah's head of special overseas operations, Imad Mughniyah. Hallaq had since been living under the protection of the South Lebanon Army (SLA) in Qlaya, using the assumed name Michel Kheir Amin. After establishing Hallaq's true identity, Nohra befriended him and the two spent months socializing regularly. Meanwhile, he was developing a plan to kidnap him with the help of his brother, Mufid, and a Lebanese taxi driver by the name of Fadi, who regularly passed through the Jezzine-Bater crossing at the northern tip of the security zone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On February 20, 1996, Nohra invited Hallaq to his house in Ibl al-Saqi for a drink. After the two had settled down and finished off several glasses of whiskey, Mufid and Fadi burst into the room with silencer-equipped guns and handcuffed the startled guest. Nohra later recounted that Hallaq begged to be shot on the spot, rather than face the horrors that awaited him in under interrogation, but he was given no such mercy. With Hallaq bound and gagged in the trunk of his taxi, Fadi drove out of the security zone and delivered the captive to a Lebanese army base.[1] Seven months later, Hallaq was executed. Following Hallaq's disappearance, Israeli forces arrested Nohra and he was sentenced to four years in prison by a Tel Aviv court. In July 1998, when Israeli exchanged 50 Lebanese detainees for the remains of an IDF commando killed in Lebanon, Nohra was released and deported north of the security zone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Following the Israeli withdrawal from south Lebanon in May 2000, Nohra returned to Ibl al-Saqi and resumed drug smuggling with two of his brothers - Mufid and Kamil. Living in an area under the de facto authority of Hezbollah, the two were allowed to keep their ill-gotten gains in return for helping the militant Shi'ite movement build a spy network inside Israel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There have been persistent rumors that Nohra was involved in the Hezbollah's abduction of three Israeli soldiers in October 2000. According to one version of events, the three Israelis were lured to the border by the promise of a drug deal and were talking with Mufid on the other side when they were ambushed. As a result of his service to Hezbollah, Nohra spent the last two years of his life in a state of intense paranoia. Bulletproof shutters and state-of-the-art security cameras were installed in his luxurious mansion. He reportedly spent most of his time indoors, a 9 mm pistol within easy reach.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In light of Nohra's connections with Hezbollah, most observers speculate that Israel was responsible for his assassination. Coincidentally or not, Nohra was killed just meters away from the site of a February 1999 roadside bomb attack that killed the senior Israeli commander in south Lebanon, Brig. Gen. Erez Gerstein. At his funeral on December 7, Hezbollah officially declared Nohra to be a "martyr" - the first time it has bestowed this "honor" on a Christian.[2]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, less than a month before his death, an Israeli court named Kamil Nohra has having recruited an Israeli Druze lieutenant colonel charged with passing intelligence information to Hezbollah. With Nohra's cover entirely blown, he was of little use to either Hezbollah or the Syrian-Lebanese intelligence establishment. Given his propensity for switching sides at the drop of a hat, either of his two latest employers may have decided to cut short his life while they were still ahead. Moreover, the bomb which killed Nohra - an explosive device with a fiberglass veneer designed to make it look like a rock - closely resembled the kinds used by Hezbollah in the past.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bombing in the Beqaa&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the pre-dawn hours of December 4, just before the holiday of Id al-Fitr, a Muslim mausoleum on the outskirts of Anjar in the eastern Beqaa Valley was destroyed by the nearly simultaneous detonation of four 1-kg dynamite charges. The tomb of Nabi al-Aziz had been a popular site of pilgrimage by local Sunni Muslims since its construction, about 800 years ago according to area residents.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anjar is a predominantly Armenian Christian town, and its residents have been embroiled in a decades-long dispute with the Sunni waqf (religious endowment) that runs the mausoleum and adjacent buildings. The Armenians, who fled Turkey in the early 20th century, settled in the region at the invitation of the French mandatory authorities. The Sunnis do not consider decisions by the French to be legally binding and have claimed that land given to the Armenians belongs to Sunni villagers to determine land ownership.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, it appears unlikely that an Armenian group carried out the bombing. The dispute had not spilled over into violence in many years and Armenian leaders emphatically denounced the destruction of the mausoleum. The consensus among both Armenian and Sunni leaders was that the bombing was meant to instigate sectarian conflict in the Beqaa. "This criminal act is part of a scheme to plunge Lebanon anew into the long-forgotten nightmare of sectarian strife," said Sunni Grand Mufti Muhammad Rashid Qabbani. Armenian MP George Kassardji called the bombing an "attack on national unity, coexistence and the ties of brotherhood among Lebanese." But who would have the motivation to inflame confessional disputes in Anjar ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As with all other incidents of violence in the country, some pointed fingers at Israel in public speeches. Sheikh Bilal Said Shaaban, secretary-general of the Sunni fundamentalist Tawhid movement, called the bombing "a gutless act committed by Israeli agents." While it is plausible that Israel could stand to benefit from sectarian tensions in the Beqaa, civil unrest in Lebanon has nearly always generated insecurity for the Jewish state in the past. Moreover, there is no precedent in Israeli history for the destruction of a Muslim holy site and it seems inconceivable that Israel would risk being fingered for such an act.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since Anjar is the headquarters of Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon, carrying out such an operation would be extremely difficult and risky unless local Syrian intelligence officers were either bought off or were involved themselves. The Syrians have always justified their military presence as an external check against the outbreak of sectarian hostilities in Lebanon. The destruction of a Muslim holy site would not be the first time that the Syrians have deliberately facilitated (or faked) outbreaks of sectarian unrest in order to shore up the validity of their army's raison d'etre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A more likely explanation is that the bombing was the work of Wahhabi Islamist radicals, who have long condemned pilgrimages to tombs as an unIslamic form of saint worship. Saudi-funded Wahhabi groups typically target "shrines" such as the Nabi al-Aziz mausoleum wherever they operate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the Syrians were involved, Lebanon's security apparatus (which is staffed with officers hand-picked by Syria) will not be allowed to conduct an impartial investigation. In fact, it's likely evidence suggesting Wahabbi involvement will also be suppressed due to Saudi Arabia's generous financial assistance to Lebanon at the Paris II conference in November. The authorities recently pulled the plug on a Lebanese television station preparing to broadcast a program critical of the kingdom's human rights record - they will not hesitate to do the same to an investigation which threatens to expose the seamier side of Saudi "charitable" assistance to Lebanon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iraqi Eradicated&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the night of December 3, the bludgeoned body of Iraqi Shi'ite dissident Walid Ibrahim Abbas al-Mubah al-Mayahi was found in his apartment in the village of Abbassiyeh, near Tyre, with a rope around his neck. Mayahi's apartment, which he shared with other Iraqi dissidents, doubled as an office for the Sadr Center for Islamic Studies, named after the late Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Sader al-Sadr following his 1999 murder in Iraq.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mayahi was a member of the Iraqi National Congress (INC) and it was rumored that he was preparing to travel to the US to train with Iraqi opposition forces at the time of his murder. The INC pointed the finger at Iraqi intelligence. According to local press reports, Mayahi had recently taken in three Iraqi refugees, all of whom have since disappeared, leading to speculation that they were agents of the Iraqi government.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The last time the Iraqi government killed a dissident in Lebanon, in 1994, the Lebanese government severed diplomatic relations. Now that Syria's relations with Iraq have improved, however, it is unlikely that Baghdad will even be accused of involvement in the murder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Notes&lt;br /&gt;1 The Daily Star (Beirut), 9 December 2002.&lt;br /&gt;2 Al-Nahar (Beirut), 8 December 2002.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112275122854898353?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112275122854898353/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112275122854898353&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275122854898353'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275122854898353'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/07/more-unsolved-mysteries-in-lebanon.html' title='More Unsolved Mysteries in Lebanon'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14961879.post-112275025813810250</id><published>2005-07-30T12:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2005-07-30T12:04:18.146-07:00</updated><title type='text'>‘Double agent’ played deadly game</title><content type='html'>December 9, 2002&lt;br /&gt;The Daily Star&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;‘Double agent’ played deadly game&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Assassination victim took murky role in occupation of South Lebanon&lt;br /&gt;Nicholas Blanford&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ramzi Nohra was a marked man and he knew it. The windows set in the thick stone walls of his sprawling mansion in Ibl al-Saqi were fitted with bullet-proof steel shutters. Nohra would sit in his favorite armchair on the ground floor, his eyes darting between the wide-screen television, invariably tuned to Hizbullah’s Al-Manar television, and the three smaller TV monitors on a shelf above. Each screen was split into four separate wide-angle views of the outside of his mansion and the approaches along the road. Tucked into the cushion of his chair within easy reach was a 9mm pistol.&lt;br /&gt;Nohra had made powerful enemies during his career as one of the most notorious drug smugglers and successful double agents in the history of Israel’s occupation of the South.&lt;br /&gt;He and his brother, Mufid, were an unlikely team. Where Ramzi was sharp, devious and cautious, Mufid would openly boast of his membership with Hizbullah, an unlikely association for this tough Maronite.&lt;br /&gt;For almost 20 years, Ramzi Nohra, blessed with acute survival instincts, managed to play a deadly game of cat and mouse in south Lebanon’s merciless conflict, tip-toeing a precarious line between Hizbullah and the intelligence services of Lebanon, Syria and Israel. And all the time amassing a fortune through drug smuggling.&lt;br /&gt;But on Friday, Nohra’s luck finally ran out. A 5-kilogram bomb planted on the side of the main road between Ibl al-Saqi and Kawkab exploded as his Mercedes passed by. Nohra, 44, was killed instantly along with his 30-year-old nephew Elie Issa.&lt;br /&gt;For Mufid, there was little doubt who was to blame for the assassination: “I accuse Israel because we are against Israel, and (we were) among the people who worked with the resistance during the occupation until the liberation,” he said. “Of course this is revenge.”&lt;br /&gt;The Israelis have characteristically remained silent on Nohra’s demise. But they had good reason to want him dead. After all, Nohra captured and turned over to the Lebanese authorities the Israeli-trained assassin of Fouad Mughnieh, whose brother Imad was a Hizbullah security chief and is considered by the United States as second only to Osama bin Laden in the “terrorism” business. Nohra also had been implicated in the kidnapping of three Israeli soldiers from the Shebaa Farms in October 2000, a charge he always denied &amp;shy; albeit with a twinkle in his eye.&lt;br /&gt;Following the Israeli troop withdrawal in May 2000, Nohra’s Israeli drug smuggling connections allegedly were exploited by Hizbullah to establish an impressive intelligence gathering network. His other brother, Kamil, was named in an Israeli court last month as the link between Hizbullah and a lieutenant colonel in the Israeli Army who was arrested and charged with heading a spy ring. The Israeli officer supplied Kamil Nohra with information in exchange for drugs. Kamil passed the intelligence on to Hizbullah.&lt;br /&gt;Ramzi Nohra’s story was one of espionage, drugs, money, assassinations, treachery, corruption and violent death.&lt;br /&gt;Born in Ibl al-Saqi in 1958, the young Nohra joined the Iraqi wing of the Baath Party. He fought briefly with the Iraqi Army against Iran in the early stages of their 1980-88 war. But his main role was to supply the Iraqi regime with political and economic information from Lebanon.&lt;br /&gt;After he was arrested by Syrian intelligence, Nohra switched sides and began working as a double agent for the Syrians.&lt;br /&gt;Following the Israeli invasion in 1982, Israeli military intelligence and Israel’s internal security service, Shin Bet, began establishing networks of agents in Lebanon to gather information on Palestinian groups and later Hizbullah. But the Israelis were also concerned at the criminal threat posed by Lebanon, especially the drug trade. Nohra, who had already established himself as a drug smuggler, was recruited by the Israeli police as an informer. He had little compunction about informing on his colleagues. One of his victims was an Israeli officer in charge of the Metulla border crossing. In exchange for the information, the Israeli police turned a blind eye to his own smuggling activities.&lt;br /&gt;But Nohra grew overconfident. In 1989, he sent a truck with three tons of hashish across the border into Israel. The truck reached Haifa but was stopped on a minor traffic violation. The police opened the back of the truck having been alerted by the overpowering odor.&lt;br /&gt;The unflappable Nohra, who was monitoring the truck driver’s arrest from a nearby parking lot, called his police contacts to have the vehicle and hashish returned to him. But Nohra had gone too far. He was sentenced to three years in prison. However, he escaped serving his term in jail and was instead detained at the Tiberias police station. He was allowed to wander around the town and was often seen enjoying meals with his friends in the police.&lt;br /&gt;After two years, Nohra was released and he returned to Lebanon to continue his drug smuggling activities.&lt;br /&gt;By 1996, it became evident that Israel’s occupation of South Lebanon was drawing to an end. Nohra was aware that his relationship with the Israelis was a potential death sentence against him. So when Lebanese military intelligence contacted him and requested his help for an operation, Nohra cooperated.&lt;br /&gt;He was instructed to establish contact with Ahmed Hallaq, a Lebanese-born Israeli-backed assassin, and then abduct him from the occupation zone and deliver him to the authorities in Beirut.&lt;br /&gt;During the early stages of the civil war, Hallaq fought for Saiqa, the Syrian-backed Palestinian group. He earned a reputation for brutality, killing captured Christian militiamen by stuffing them in barrels of gasoline and setting them alight.&lt;br /&gt;When the war ended, Hallaq found himself without work. Bored, frustrated and unable to cope with the deadening pace of peace and needing to provide for his wife and two children, he was recruited by Israel’s Mossad intelligence service.&lt;br /&gt;In June 1994, Hallaq was instructed to recruit Fouad Mughnieh, but he was unsuccessful and in December 1994 he was told to assassinate Mughnieh instead. On Dec. 23, Hallaq detonated a car bomb beside Mughnieh’s shop, killing Mughnieh and two passersby.&lt;br /&gt;With his cover blown, Hallaq was of no use to Israeli intelligence. After a brief spell in the Philippines, a bored Hallaq returned to Israel begging for his old job back. After training at the South Lebanon Army militia base in Majidieh, Hallaq moved to Qlaya in the South under a new identity, Michel Kheir Amin &amp;shy; a fatal mistake.&lt;br /&gt;Nohra soon learned that the new arrival in Qlaya was none other than Hallaq. He informed Lebanese military intelligence and at their request began concocting a plan to snatch him from the zone. He enlisted the help of his brother Mufid, friends Maher Touma and Fadi, a taxi driver who regularly plied the route between the occupation zone and Beirut and was well-known to the SLA militiamen manning the crossing point on the Jezzine-Bater road at the northern end of the zone.&lt;br /&gt;As part of the plan, Nohra befriended Hallaq.&lt;br /&gt;“I invited him back to my house in Ibl al-Saqi. We would have parties with plenty of drinks and women. Hallaq liked his whisky,” Nohra said later.&lt;br /&gt;Fearing that the Israelis were growing suspicious, Nohra set the date for the snatch for Feb. 20, 1996. That morning, Nohra drove Hallaq to his home in Ibl al-Saqi where he said they would drink whisky.&lt;br /&gt;The two men, along with Touma, settled down and cracked open a whisky bottle while Mufid and Fadi hid in another room clutching machine pistols fitted with silencers.&lt;br /&gt;“At the right moment, Mufid entered the room, pointed his gun at Hallaq and said ‘Ahmed Hallaq don’t try to resist. We have full control over you,’” Nohra said.&lt;br /&gt;They hit the astonished Hallaq on the head with a gun and handcuffed him.&lt;br /&gt;“Hallaq looked at me for help, still thinking I was an agent for Israeli intelligence. But I told him ‘I know who you are. You are Ahmed Hallaq. I’m not with the Israelis. You are very wrong.’ When he heard me say that, Hallaq seemed to crumple. He said ‘I will tell you everything if you kill me now.’ He was terrified that we were going to hand him over to Hizbullah and that he would be given a very tough time for what he did to Fouad Mughnieh. But I told him that we were going to hand him over to Lebanese and Syrian intelligence, not Hizbullah. That seemed to comfort him a little.”&lt;br /&gt;They gagged Hallaq and bound him before dumping him in the trunk of a car.&lt;br /&gt;Having phoned Lebanese intelligence, the four men and their captive left Ibl al-Saqi in two cars. They headed north along the road that would take them to Jezzine at the northern-most limit of the occupation zone. All four were armed with M-16 rifles and equipped with walkie-talkies. They were stopped at an Israeli Army checkpoint in Rihan. But Nohra had a green metal laissez passer given him by the Israelis.&lt;br /&gt;“I spoke to the soldiers in Hebrew and showed them my sign. I told them we were Shin Bet. They waved us through happily,” Nohra said.&lt;br /&gt;At the last SLA checkpoint in Jezzine, Nohra, Mufid and Touma returned to Ibl al-Saqi while Fadi, the taxi driver, drove 2 kilometers north to the army checkpoint at Bater where intelligence officers were waiting to receive Hallaq.&lt;br /&gt;The hapless Hallaq was sentenced to death and executed seven months later. His disappearance aroused the suspicion of the Israelis and Nohra was questioned in the border town of Metulla. He and his comrades were later arrested.&lt;br /&gt;Nohra recalled his subsequent trial at the Tel Aviv District Court with great relish. A vain man, he was convinced that the Israeli state attorney, Devora Chen, secretly lusted after him. He would recount his flirtatious verbal sparring with Chen in court with a knowing grin. Meanwhile, protracted plea bargaining on the sidelines saw his sentence gradually reduced from 10 years to four.&lt;br /&gt;Even then, Nohra escaped serving a full term. After less than a year in prison, Nohra was included in a swap in July 1998 in which some 50 Lebanese detainees were exchanged for the remains of an Israeli commando who had been killed in a bungled raid on Insarieh in September 1997.&lt;br /&gt;Nohra returned to his home in Ibl al-Saqi two years later following the Israeli withdrawal.&lt;br /&gt;But Nohra was to have one last brush with controversy. In October 2000, Hizbullah fighters kidnapped three Israeli soldiers beside the security fence marking the edge of the Shebaa Farms. The three soldiers had been checking the fence for signs of breaches, a twice daily routine that had been monitored by the Hizbullah fighters manning a position just 50 meters away. But subsequent reports claimed that the Israeli soldiers had been lured by the promise of a drug deal and that none other than Mufid, with a packet of drugs in his hand, had been standing near the fence at the time of the snatch. Nohra, with that sly, lazy grin of his, described the allegations as “laughable.”&lt;br /&gt;Yet, ultimately, it looks as though the Israelis were to have the last laugh. Nohra was the second former ally of Israel to have died a violent and mysterious death this year. In January, former warlord and minister Elie Hobeika was killed by a car bomb outside his house in Hazmieh.&lt;br /&gt;In perhaps a final &amp;shy; intentional? &amp;shy; irony, Nohra met his death only a few meters away from the scene of a February 1999 roadside bomb ambush that claimed the life of Brigadier General Erez Gerstein, the Israeli Army’s senior commander in South Lebanon, an attack rated by Hizbullah as one of its most successful operations.&lt;br /&gt;The person who pressed the button that destroyed Gerstein’s armored Mercedes remains unknown. He or she belonged to the occupation zone’s nebulous, shadowy world of deceit, deception and sudden death &amp;shy; a world that Ramzi Nohra knew only too well.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14961879-112275025813810250?l=reminiscor.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/feeds/112275025813810250/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14961879&amp;postID=112275025813810250&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275025813810250'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14961879/posts/default/112275025813810250'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://reminiscor.blogspot.com/2005/07/double-agent-played-deadly-game.html' title='‘Double agent’ played deadly game'/><author><name>reminiscor</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
